建党百年农村土地制度改革的基本历程与历史经验

A Century of Evolution and Historical Experience of the CPC’s Rural Land System Reform

习近平总书记指出,"以史为鉴,可以知兴替"。本文以建党百年为时间轴,遵循"阶段目标—土地政策(制度)—改革成效及问题"的逻辑思路,围绕土地产权制度和市场化政策两方面,系统梳理党的百年农村土地制度改革的基本历程,归纳总结有益于新时代深化农村土地制度改革的经验启示。研究表明,依据不同时期的阶段目标,党中央制定了不同的农村土地政策,有效解决了各时期的土地问题,满足了农民的土地要求,进而推动社会变革,实现了中华民族从站起来到富起来、强起来的伟大飞跃。建党百年农村土地制度改革具有以下经验启示,一是始终坚持党的领导,确保改革沿着正确的方向发展;二是始终坚持以人民为中心,最大程度维护人民的根本利益;三是始终坚持实事求是,因地制宜、分类施策,并依据新形势、新需要不断调整和创新土地政策;四是始终坚持市场化改革方向,在推进和完善产权制度改革基础上,逐步增强市场在土地资源配置中的作用,同时强化政府管理和服务作用;五是始终坚持公平与效率相统一,在维护农民公平享有农村土地承载的福利保障的同时,通过更高效的制度安排提升土地利用效益和创造更多物质财富。

President Xi Jinping pointed out that “Learning from history, we can know the rise and fall”.On the occasion of the centennial anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China(CPC),following the logic of “phase goals-rural land policy(system)-reform performances and problems”,this paper reviews the evolution and explores the experience of the CPC’s centennial rural land system reform(herein mainly focusing on the reform of the rural land property rights system, and the market-oriented reform of rural land factor).Results indicate that, according to the phase goals of different periods, the CPC Central Committee formulated different rural land policies, which effectively solved the land related problems in various periods, fulfilled farmers’ land requirements, and further promoted social change, and finally realized the great leap of the Chinese nation from the stage of standing up to that of getting rich, and further to the current stage of becoming strong.A century of the CPC’s rural land system reform has the following experience and enlightenment:(1)we should always adhere to the leadership of the CPC,and ensure that the reform evolves in the right direction;(2)we should always adhere to people-centered philosophy of development, and safeguard the fundamental interests of the people to the greatest extent;(3)we should always adhere to the ideological route of seeking truth from facts, implement land policy according to local conditions and different situations, and constantly adjust and innovate land policy according to the new situation and new needs;(4)always adhere to the reform direction of the marketization of rural land factor, on the basis of deepening the reform of the rural land property rights system, gradually enhance the role of the market in the allocation of land resources while strengthen the role of the government in market supervision and service provision;(5)always adhere to the unity of fairness and efficiency, safeguard farmers’ fair enjoyment of the welfare security carried by rural land, and simultaneously use more efficient institutional arrangements to improve land use efficiency and create more material wealth.