从拟真到致幻——“一镜到底”的美学探索

From Simulation to Hallucination:An Aesthetic Study on "One-Shot Feature Film"

自巴赞提出长镜头理论以来,长镜头一直作为纪实类电影手法而被广为认知与应用。由此诞生的"一镜到底"电影,以更为极致的完整镜头逼近现实知觉,展现与人视觉感知相一致的连续时空。其从拟真出发对制作工艺和艺术形态的极致追求,呈现出了独特的沉浸性、游离性与绵延性特征。由于电影语言的形象符号是一种凭借本能对现实物象进行视觉读解的语义系统。长镜头下的物象作为主观的符号能够呈现丰富的下意识、非理性的内涵,这在长镜头与诗电影、运动镜头与超现实穿越以及梦境营造等方面表现得尤其突出。随着数字技术的成熟,"一镜到底"在商业电影领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。数字技术下的共情,使得虚拟现实与物质现实的界限越发模糊,在虚拟的造梦幻觉中呈现更深层的物我两忘的沉浸效果,这从"凝视"与自我投射、物质与精神的相融、"一镜到底"与游戏化电影等视角可以得到较为充分的解读。从长镜头美学的发展历程来看,"一镜到底"的长镜头美学,诞生于好莱坞成熟的电影工业,壮大发展于数字影像时代,前人所应用过的长镜头美学语境,逐步呈现出从拟真向致幻的嬗变,诠释着沉浸式影像的美学原理。

Since Bazin put forward the long take theory,long take has been widely recognized and applied as a documentary film technique. The birth of "one-shot feature film" approaches the perception of reality with a more extreme long take. The continuous time and space displayed by "one-shot feature film" is consistent with human visual perception. Starting from the imitation,it pursues the ultimate production process and artistic form,showing unique characteristics of immersion,dissociation and continuity. The image symbol of film language is a semantic system that relies on instinct to visually interpret real objects. Objects under long take as subjective symbols can present rich subconscious and irrational connotations,which is especially true in long take and poetic films,motion short and surreal travel,dream creation,and so on. With the maturity of digital technology, "one-shot feature film" has been more and more widely used in the field of commercial films. Empathy under digital technology has made the boundary between virtual reality and material reality even more blurred,presenting a deeper immersive effect of both material and self-forgetting in the virtual illusion, which can be fully interpreted from the perspectives of "gaze" and self projection,the integration of material and spirit,as well as "oneshot feature film" and video games. From the perspective of the development of long take aesthetics,the long take aesthetics of "one-shot feature film" was born in the mature Hollywood film industry and developed in the digital image era. The aesthetic context of long take used by predecessors gradually emerged the evolution trend from simulation to hallucination,interpreting the aesthetic principle of immersive images.