仰韶文化玄玉的认定及意义

Identification and Significance of Xuanyu in Yangshao Culture

玄玉之名见于先秦文献。随着考古发现和相关传统文化考察活动的收获,可以确认以仰韶文化早期偏晚的史家类型所出的墨绿或黑色的蛇纹岩为主,及透闪石类工具类玉器,应是仰韶文化玄玉之始。玄玉在庙底沟类型时期有所发展,在其晚段已出现彰显身份的玄玉斧、钺,及装饰用器,进入繁盛时期。受玉料资源限制和文化传统观念影响,仰韶文化玄玉形成了种类少、色深黑和形简素等特征,并影响到后来龙山时期石峁、陶寺及齐家等文化的玉器审美取向和制作工艺,以及夏代核心玉礼器牙璋(或玄圭)的材质选择。

The name of Xuanyu can be seen in the pre-Qin literature.With the archaeological discovery and the harvest of related traditional culture investigation activities,it can be confirmed that the dark green or black serpentinite which mainly produced in the later of Shijia type of yangshao culture,and tremolite tool jade should be the beginning of Xuanyu in Yangshao Culture.Xuanyu developed in the Miaodigou period.In the later of Miaodigou period,Xuanyu has been into a prosperous period and it appeared to highlight the identity of xuanyu axe,tomahawk and decorative articles.However,due to the restriction of jade material resources and the influence of traditional cultural concepts,Xuanyu in Yangshao Culture has formed the characteristics of few kinds,dark color and simple shape,and has influenced the aesthetic orientation and production technology of jade wares in the later Longshan period,such as Shimao,Taosi and Qijia culture,as well as the material selection of Xia Dynasty core jade ritual ware Yazhang(or Xuangui).