论个人破产法上免责考察制度的法律构造

Construction of Consumer Bankruptcy Discharge Investigation System

免责考察制度是个人破产立法中的核心问题,其法律构造包括免责条件和免责程序两大部分。《深圳经济特区个人破产条例》确立了免责考察制度的初步框架,但其免责条件规则对不予免责的债务情形和债务人情形规定不尽完善、缺乏对债务人清偿能力的考量,免责程序规则对免责申请的启动缺乏前置性程序的制约、许可免责程序过于复杂、对债务人所受的权利能力限制的规定过于简单。应在整体主义和利益平衡的理念下完善我国个人破产法上免责考察制度的法律构造。在完善免责条件规则层面,应当删除不予免责债务中的雇佣之债、设置所欠税款年限限制、明晰兜底条款范围,增加不予免责债务人情形中的原则性规定、设置债务人不当行为的审查时间,并在免责条件中纳入对债务人清偿能力的考察。在完善免责程序规则层面,应当以和解作为免责考察的前置程序,简化适格债务人的许可免责程序,完善破产失权和复权制度,进而构建更为合理的个人破产制度规则,为全国性的个人破产立法提供有益经验。

Discharge investigation system is the core problem in consumer bankruptcy legislation,and its legal structure includes two parts:discharge condition and discharge procedure.The Consumer Bankruptcy Regulations of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has established the preliminary framework of the discharge investigation system,but its discharge conditions and rules are not perfect in terms of the circumstances of the debts that are not exempt from discharge and the circumstances of the debtor,and lack of consideration of the debtor’s repayment ability.The discharge procedure rules lack the restriction of the prior procedure on the initiation of the discharge application,the procedure of licensing the discharge is too complicated,and the stipulation on the limitation of the debtor’s right and capacity is too simple.We should perfect the legal structure of the discharge investigation system in the consumer bankruptcy law under the idea of holism and balance of interests.At the level of improving the rules of exemption conditions,it is necessary to delete the employment debts in the debts that are not exempted,set the limit on the years of tax owed,clarify the scope of the clauses,increase the principled provisions in the case of non-exempt debtors,and set up the review of the debtor’s improper behavior period,and include the inspection of the debtor’s solvency in the exemption conditions.At the level of improving the rules of exemption procedures,we should take the reconciliation as the pre-procedure for exemption inspection,simplify the procedures for exempting qualified debtors from liability,improve the bankruptcy failure and reinstatement system,and then construct a more reasonable personal bankruptcy system and rules,and provide useful experience to a nationwide personal bankruptcy legislation.