行政罚款与行政执行罚的关系之辨

On the Relationship between Administrative Penalty and Administrative Executive Penalty

罚款和执行罚是行政机关常用的执法手段。行政罚款具有一般威慑和特别威慑的效果,同样具有强制的目的和功能,可以适用于不履行具体行政义务的情形,也可以采用按日计罚的数额计算方式。目的、功能、适用对象和按日计罚等,都不是罚款和执行罚的本质区别。行政执行罚的根本特质在于其"告诫—决定—执行"的规范结构。"告诫"是产生强制效果的根源,而"决定"和"执行"仅在当事人不履行义务时才需作出。"告诫—决定—执行"的规范结构决定了行政执行罚是强制执行手段而非行政处罚,它只能适用于不履行具体义务的情形,并且可以反复适用。我国《行政强制法》中的执行罚规定过于简略,应当对执行罚的告知、决定、执行和反复适用等内容进行完善,同时为执行罚冠以特殊名称,以解决识别困难的问题。《环境保护法》上的"按日连续处罚"是一种执行罚,但是相关规定仍有逻辑不统一之处。

Administrative penalty and executive penalty are commonly used by administrative organs.Administrative penalty has the effect of general deterrence and special deterrence,and also has the purpose and function of coercion.It can be applied to the situation of not performing specific administrative obligations,and can also be calculated by the amount of daily penalty.The purpose,function,application object and punishment by day are not the essential differences between administrative penalty and executive penalty.The fundamental characteristic of administrative executive punishment lies in its“warning-decision-execution”normative structure.“Warning”is the root of compulsory effect,while“decision”and“execution”needs to be made only when the parties fail to perform their obligations.The normative result of“warning-decision”determines that administrative executive penalty is a means of compulsory execution rather than administrative penalty,which can only be applied to the situation of non performance of specific obligations and can be applied repeatedly.The provisions on executive penalty in China’s Administrative Enforcement Law are too brief.We should improve the contents of notification,decision,execution and repeated application of executive penalty,and give a special name to the executive penalty to solve the problem of difficult identification.The“continuous punishment by day”in the Environmental Protection Law is an executive penalty,but there are still logical inconsistencies in the relevant provisions.