学习科学的两次重大转折与学习研究的工程转向:基于学术思想史的考察

Two Returns of Learning Sciences and the Emergence of Learning Engineering:From the Perspective of Intellectual History

该文从学术思想史的视角出发,提出自学习科学创建以来,学习研究在三十年间经历了三次重大转向。第一次是让学习研究“立地”的“方法学转向”,以“基于设计的研究”的提出为标志,缓解了百余年来教育学与心理学之间的紧张关系,为学习研究走向统一提供了一个“脚手架”;第二次是让学习研究“顶天”的“基础研究转向”,以教育与认知神经科学崛起为标志,向基础研究下沉,并对实践产生了正反两方面影响。现在即将迎来第三次重大转折——学习研究的“工程转向”与学习工程的崛起。该研究提出,要从前两次重大转折中把握学习研究的未来走向,推动学习工程的崛起和可持续发展,既要基于“基于设计的研究”的工程隐喻,实现科学思维向工程思维的转换,促进学习研究中科学、技术与工程的一体化发展,又要直面学习研究从基础科学向应用实践转化面临的挑战与伦理问题,利用人工智能技术赋予的力量跨越二者之间“过于遥远的桥”,从而缓解“顶天”与“立地”之间重新浮现的巨大张力。

This paper from the viewpoint of history of ideas,proposes that learning sciences has experienced three returns over the past thirty years.The first methodological shift was marked by the introduction of design-based research,which relieved the tension between pedagogy and psychology over the past hundred years,providing a scaffold for the unification of learning research;the second basic research shift was marked by the rise of education and cognitive neuroscience,which makes learning sciences focus on micro field,and brings about both positive and negative effects on practice.Now,we are about to facing the third great turning point of the engineering shift of study research and the emergence of learning engineering.The author puts forward that we should grasp the future trend of learning sciences from two major returns,which means it should be based on the engineering metaphor of designbased research to realize the transformation from scientific thinking to engineering thinking,promote the integrated development of science,technology and engineering in learning research,as well as face up to the challenges and ethical issues in the transformation of learning sciences from basic research to applied practice,so as to relieve the enormous tension that has re-emerged between the basic research and practice.