投资者与东道国争端解决上诉机制改革的分歧与展望:一个文献综述

Divergences and Prospects of the Reform of Investor-State Dispute Settlement and Appellate Mechanism:A Literature Review

ISDS上诉机制改革是当前国际投资争端解决领域的讨论焦点。从理论起点到制度设计再到各国立场,均存在明显的意见分歧。关于建立ISDS上诉机制的理论起点,争议主要集中于上诉机构在解决ISDS机制一致性和准确性问题方面的作用以及有关终局性与效率的讨论。关于ISDS上诉机制的制度设计,分歧主要存在于审查范围与标准、上诉效力、审裁员选任、裁决执行等方面。作为政府领导型的改革,国家在ISDS改革中扮演着重要角色,并由此反映出不同的路径偏好和动力差异。有关ISDS上诉机构改革的分歧从根本上体现了国际投资法治正围绕着"南北矛盾"及"公私矛盾"演化形成新的平衡。尽管如此,ISDS上诉机制改革仍有望在提高仲裁员的公正性与专业性、提高仲裁效率等已有较高程度共识的领域形成突破并向前发展。保护主义抬头及新冠肺炎疫情肆虐下的外部环境亦呼唤ISDS上诉机制改革为提升全球投资治理结构注入新的活力。

The reform of ISDS appellate mechanism is the focus in the field of international investment dispute settlement.From the theoretical starting point to the system design,and then to the position of various countries,there are obvious divergences of opinion.As for the theoretical starting point,discussions mainly focus on the capability of the appellate body in dealing with the inconsistency and the incorrectness of current ISDS mechanism,and on the issues of finality and efficiency.As for the design of ISDS appellate system,the divergences mainly lie in the scope and standard of review,the effectiveness of appeal,the selection and appointment of adjudicators,and the implementation mechanism.Since the ISDS reform is led by governments,states play an important role in this process and show different path preferences.The divergence of the reform ISDS appellate mechanism fundamentally reflects that the rule of law in international investment is evolving into a new balance around the“North-South contradiction”and the“Public-Private contradiction”.Nevertheless,ISDS reform is expected to make a breakthrough and move forward in areas where there is a high degree of consensus,such as improving the impartiality and professionalism of arbitrators,improving the efficiency of arbitration,and limiting the remedial power of the arbitral tribunal.The rise of protectionism and the external environment under the COVID-19 epidemic also call for the reform of ISDS appellate body to inject new vitality into the improvement of global investment governance structure.