诱惑侦查合法性的阶段化认定:日本经验与中国路径

Stage Identification of the Legitimacy of Entrapment Investigation:Japanese Experience and Chinese Path

日本对诱惑侦查的合法性认定采取主客观混合的阶段化判断标准,分为启动阶段的合法性审查和实施阶段的正当性审查,具有清晰的阶段化特征和鲜明的实践指引功能。相较而言,我国在诱惑侦查合法性认定的问题上,既存在由法律规定的模糊性所导致的概念范围不明、法律性质不清等问题,也存在过度重视判断标准中静态要素的设置,忽视对诱惑侦查的行为阶段进行区分的倾向。解决问题的出路是,在概念界定上应明确诱惑侦查作为事前侦查、任意侦查的法律性质,并以指导案例的形式对诱惑侦查的行为方式、合法性判断要素进行解释说明;在司法认定上应在肯定主客观混合标准的同时,对判断标准中的主观要素和客观要素进行动态审查,进而形成启动阶段合法性审查和实施阶段正当性审查的区分,以凸显判断标准的实践指引功能。

Japan adopts the stage judgment standard of the combination of subject and object to define the legality of entrapment investigation,which is divided into the legitimacy examination at the start stage and the justification examination at the implementation stage,it has clear stage characteristic and distinct practice guiding function.Comparatively speaking,in our country,there are some problems such as unclear concept scope and legal nature caused by the ambiguity of legal provisions in the determination of the legality of entrapment investigation,there is also a tendency to attach too much importance to the setting of static elements in the judgment standards and to neglect the different performances of entrapment investigation in different stages.The way to solve the problem is,on the level of legal norms,to make clear the legal nature of the entrapment investigation as one kind of pre-investigation and arbitrary investigation,and to establish a case guidance system to explain the behavior mode and the elements of legitimacy judgment for the entrapment investigation;on the basis of affirming the subjective and objective mixed criteria,the subjective and objective factors in the judgment of the legitimacy of the enticement investigation should be dynamically reviewed,and then the distinction between the legitimacy review at the start stage and the justification review at the implementation stage should be formed,in order to highlight the function of the practice guide of the judgment standard.