Toward Systemic Thinking in Managing Environmental Risks

1.Introduction The world today is strongly interconnected.Numerous interdependent and complex networks have been formed between environmental,economic,and social systems,through which people,resources,materials,goods,and information are exchanged at unprecedented speeds[1].At the same time,however,such networks are profoundly changing the global risk landscape and making the whole system more vulnerable[2].In particular,there is a growing concern about cascading and systemic risks.In such cases,a localized initial damaging event(e.g.,the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic)can spread rapidly and globally,resulting in disruptive influences and countless societal costs[3].