早春马铃薯机械化生产模式试验研究

Experimental Study on Mechanized Production Mode of Spring Potato

为改变山东部分地区早春马铃薯机械化水平较低的现状,在滕州市选取105cm垄距大垄双行、85cm垄距一垄一行、65cm垄距一垄一行3种机械化生产模式进行对比试验。在播种试验中选取班次生产率、漏播指数、重播指数、种薯间距合格指数等指标,在生长期选取株高、侧枝数等指标,在收获试验中选取班次生产率、明薯率、漏挖率、伤薯率、破皮率、产量、100~300g(M号)马铃薯所占的比例等指标,综合评价3种机械化生产模式的机具作业适应性及马铃薯长势及效益。试验结果表明:65cm垄距一垄一行机械化生产模式,马铃薯产量为3911.6kg/hm^(2),M号马铃薯所占比例为59%,收获时的埋薯率、漏挖率、伤薯率、破皮率4项指标分别为1.0%、0.23%、1.24%、0,综合看,其长势、产量及效益最高,且机械化收获的作业效率、作业质量最好;缺点是适用的播种机具较少,且作业效率、作业质量较差。85cm垄距一垄一行机械化生产模式,马铃薯的长势、产量及效益略低,机械化播种的效率较高;缺点是机械化收获的作业质量较差。105cm垄距大垄双行机械化生产模式,机械化播种作业质量较好,但马铃薯的产量明显低于前两者,将严重影响种植收益。本试验可为早春马铃薯种植户根据自身条件选择适宜的机械化生产模式提供参考。

To change the low mechanization level of early spring potato in some areas of Shandong Province,three mechanized production modes of 105 cm long ridge double row,85 cm long ridge one row,and 65 cm long ridge one row were selected for comparative test in Tengzhou City. In the sowing experiment,measures such as the productivity of shift,leak index and repeat sowing index,qualified index of seed potato spacing,in the growth period,measures such as the plant height,number of lateral branches,in the harvest experiment,the productivity of shift,obvious rate,missed excavation rate,damaged rate,skin breaking rate,yield,and the proportion of 100-300 g( M) potatoes were selected to comprehensively evaluate the three mechanized production modes the adaptability of machines and tools,the growth trend and benefit of potato were improved.Results show that 65 cm long ridge one row of mechanization production mode,the yield of the potato is 3911.6 kg/hm^(2),M potato accounted for 59%,potato harvest when buried,missed excavation rate,damaged rate,skin breaking rate,four indicators were 1.0%,0.23%,1.24%,0. Comprehensive look at its highest growth,output and benefit,and mechanized harvesting operation efficiency,operation quality is best,the disadvantage is that suitable seeder is less,and the operation efficiency and operation quality is poorer. In the mechanized production mode of85 cm long ridge one row,the potato growth,yield and benefit were slightly lower,and the efficiency of mechanized sowing was higher,but the disadvantage was that the operation quality of mechanized harvesting was poor. In the mechanized production mode of 105 cm long ridge double row,the quality of mechanized sowing was better,but the potato yield was significantly lower than the previous two,which would seriously affect the planting income. This experiment can provide a reference for early spring potato growers to choose suitable mechanized production mode according to their conditions.