有机肥配施化肥对直播油菜产量及养分吸收利用的影响

The effects of chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer on the yields,nutrient uptake and utilization of direct-seeding rapeseed

有机肥与化肥配施是目前油菜种植中实现化肥减施的重要技术措施之一,研究安徽沿江流域油菜种植生产中有机肥与化肥配施技术对直播油菜产量、养分吸收以及氮肥利用率的影响,采用裂区试验,主处理为有机肥用量,包括0和2250 kg/hm^(2)两个水平;副处理为氮肥用量,包括0、90、135、180、225、270 kg/hm^(2)共6个水平,分析油菜产量、产量构成要素、养分累积和氮肥利用率。结果表明,单施氮肥下施氮量达到135 kg/hm^(2)后油菜产量基本稳定,获得氮肥最佳用量为141 kg/hm^(2),油菜的平台产量为3005 kg/hm^(2)。与施入90 kg/hm^(2)氮肥配施有机肥2250 kg/hm^(2)时的油菜产量(3277 kg/hm^(2))相比,氮肥可减施36.17%。在相同施氮量下配施有机肥,油菜增产11.29%~134.57%。氮肥180 kg/hm^(2)配施有机肥2250 kg/hm^(2)时油菜的产量达到最高,且随着施氮量的增加油菜的增产率逐渐降低。单施化肥下油菜的产量与角果数呈显著相关关系,配施有机肥后油菜产量与角果数和角粒数均呈现显著相关。配施有机肥后油菜地上部分的氮、磷和钾养分的积累量显著高于单施化肥;相同施氮量下,随着施氮量的增加氮磷钾养分积累量增加率逐渐降低。有机肥配施化肥也可以显著提高油菜的氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和氮肥贡献率;施用氮肥90 kg/hm^(2)配施有机肥的偏生产力和农学效率比单施氮肥时油菜达到平台产量时的氮肥偏生产力和农学效率分别提升68.18%和74.76%。因此在安徽沿江区域,单施氮肥141 kg/hm^(2)可以达到油菜平台产量;配施有机肥可通过增加油菜角果数、角粒数实现油菜高产,增加油菜氮磷钾的养分积累量,特别是氮肥180 kg/hm^(2)配施有机肥2250 kg/hm^(2);与单施氮肥时油菜达到平台产量相比,配施有机肥在减施化肥36.17%的同时提高氮肥利用率。

The chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers is one of main technical measures to achieve the fertilizer reduction.The effects of chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer on the rapeseed yields,the nutrient accumulation and the nitrogen fertilizer efficiency were studied in rapeseed production along the Yangtze River regions in Anhui province.A split field experiment was conducted and the main treatment was orgamic forticizor application level,composed of two levels including with chemical fertilizer with no organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer with 2250 kg/hm^(2) organic fertilizer.The sub-treatment was the nitrogen application level,including 0,90,135,180,225,270 kg/hm^(2) treatments.The rapeseed yields,the nutrient accumulation and the nitrogen use efficiency were analyzed.The rapeseed yields achieved stable level at more than 135 kg/hm^(2) of the application of nitrogen.The stable yield(3005 kg/hm^(2))at only chemical fertilizer applied was attained when the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 141 kg/hm^(2) fitting by the linear plus plateau model.This yield was closer to that of the treatment(3277 kg/hm^(2))with 90 kg/hm^(2) nitrogen fertilizer combined with 2250 kg/hm^(2) organic fertilizer and the application of nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 36.17%.The rapeseed yields with nitrogen fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer were increased by 11.29%~134.57%than that with only chemical fertilizer applied at the same amount of nitrogen fertilizer.The highest rapeseed yield was reached at the 180 kg/hm^(2) nitrogen fertilizer combined with 2250 kg/hm^(2) organic fertilizer,and the increase rate of rapeseed was decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer compared with the treatments with only chemical fertilizer yet.There was significant correlation between the rapeseed yield and the pod number per plant with the chemical fertilizer only,and the yield of rapeseed with organic fertilizer was significantly correlated with the pod number per plant and the seed per pod.The nutrient accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of treatments with chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer were higher than those of treatments with chemical fertilizer applied only.When the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied was the same,the increase rate of the nutrient accumulation with the organic fertilizer participation was reduced by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer compared with that of treatments with chemical fertilizer applied.All the nitrogen fertilizer efficiencies were improved by the application of the organic fertilizer.The nitrogen partial factor productivity and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of the treatment with 90 kg/hm^(2) nitrogen fertilizer combined with 2250 kg/hm^(2) organic fertilizer were higher than that of the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer without organic fertilizer applied by 68.18%and 74.76%,respectively.The optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 141 kg/hm^(2) with stable rapeseed yield(3005 kg/hm^(2))attained when only chemical fertilizer applied.The highest rapeseed yield was achieved at the application of the nitrogen fertilizer 180 kg/hm^(2) combined with 2250 kg/hm^(2) organic fertilizer.The application of organic fertilizer increased the rapeseed yield by increasing the pod number per plant and the seed per pod.The nutrient accumulation and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency were both increased with the addition of organic fertilizer.The addition of organic fertilizer did not only reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied by 36.17%,but also increased the nitrogen fertilizer efficiency.