民法典视阈下动产质权的死亡与再生——以动态质押为中心

Death and Regeneration of Chattel Pledge Under Civil Code:On the Construction of Dynamic Pledge of Inventory

动产质权自近代以来在融资担保实践中逐渐走向衰微,而由静态质押向动态质押的蜕变则是其再生与勃兴的不二法门。为有效控制融资风险,动态质押的设立应采“物的交付”与“仓单背书交付”的双重交付原则,降解仓单与存货分离的危险,以弥补单纯物的占有的公示性不足。为平衡各方当事人利益,应课以质权人对担保物的实质审查义务;对监管人实行资质管制,明确监管人审查义务的范围。因可归责于监管人的事由致使质权难以实现时,应对监管人施加过错推定责任,以强化监管人尽职履责的使命感,也减轻债权人的举证负担。

Chattel pledge has gradually declined in the practice of financing since modern times,and the only way for its regeneration and prosperity is to transform from static pledge to dynamic pledge.In order to control the financing risk effectively,the establishment of dynamic pledge should accord with two conditions:“delivery of inventory”and“endorsement and delivery of warehouse receipt”,so as to make up for the shortage of simple possession of inventory.In order to balance the interests of all parties,the pledgee ought to be imposed with substantive review obligation on the authenticity of inventory;implement qualification control on supervisors and clarify the scope of supervisors′review obligations.When the pledge is difficult to be realized due to the supervisor,the supervisor should be imposed with the liability of presumption of fault,so as to strengthen the sense of duty of the supervisor and reduce the burden of proof on the creditor.