中东地区砂玻器(Fritware)的起源与发展

The Origin and Development of Fritware in the Middle East

Fritware是中东地区陶瓷体系中最重要的产品之一。从材料学角度来看,fritware制品的胎体原料和物相组成不同于陶器、瓷器和釉砂(faience),是一类特殊的陶瓷制品,对此提出了“砂玻器”的译法。梳理砂玻器的起源和发展,提出砂玻器起源地“百川归海”说,依据有三:一是公元9世纪两河流域创烧的“夹玻陶”是砂玻器的前身而非起源;二是公元11世纪,夹玻陶、釉砂、夹砂陶、虹彩等多种技术在埃及融合为成熟的砂玻器;三是砂玻器是中东地区若干陶瓷技术的集大成者,其起源与当时阿拉伯实验科学的发展密不可分。此外,厘清了虹彩釉陶(lusterpottery)、虹彩砂玻(lusterware/lusterfritware)与砂玻器的关系,特别指出中东地区陶瓷工业的虹彩砂玻、仿中国青瓷、青花、蓝绿彩、Izinik等陶瓷品种都可归入砂玻器范畴。

Fritware is one of the most important products in the Middle East ceramic systems.Under the perspective of Materials Science,the embryo materials and phase composition of fritware products are different from pottery,porcelain and faience,which should be categorized as a special type of ancient ceramic product,thus we proposed the translation of"砂玻器".Tracing back to the origin process of fritware,we put forward the"Return of all rivers to the sea"Theory of its beginning,and hold that:(1)In the 9th century AD,the"mixed-frit pottery"created in Mesopotamia was the predecessor of fritware but not its origin;(2)In the 11th century,various technologies such as mixed-frit pottery,faience,mixed-sand pottery and luster glass were fused in Egypt and became mature fritware;(3)Fritware product was a synthesizer of several ceramic technologies in the Middle East,whose origin was inseparable from the development of Arab Experimental Science at that time.We clarified the relationship between luster pottery,lusterware/luster fritware and fritware.Particularly,we incorporated several major products of the ceramic industry in the Middle East into fritware category,such as luster fritware,sino-celadon imitation,blue-white fritware,blue-green fritware and Izinik.