王阳明“万物一体”观探析

An Analysis of Wang Yangming’s View of“The Oneness of All Things”

“万物一体”的观念是王阳明哲学的有机组成部分。在阳明哲学中,“万物一体”指宇宙是一个整全的生命体。通过对一人之身与宇宙全体多维度的类比可以发现:从“气”的角度来看,个人与宇宙都是“一气流通”的存在。从“心脏”的角度来看,人心便是宇宙的心。从“心之本体”的角度来看,良知、天理、性、仁等处于形上序列的概念在为个人与宇宙生存奠基与立法的层面同一。因此,宇宙与个人一般,是一个整全的生命体,或者说,宇宙与人类构成一个整全的生命体。个人对“万物一体”之切身体会需要经历一番变化气质的工夫。小人能够通过“变化气质”的工夫“拔除私欲之蔽”,从而成为“以天地万物为一体”的大人。

The concept of“oneness of all things”is an integral part of Wang Yangming’s philosophy,in which it refers to the universe as a whole living body.By analogy between the body of the human and the whole universe,Wang believes that,first,both the individual human and the universe are existence of“qi circulation”from the perspective of“qi”;second,the human heart is the heart of the universe from the perspective of“heart”;and third,the metaphysical concepts of conscience,heavenly truth,nature,and benevolence are actually the same in terms of the foundation of the existence and laws of the human and the universe if studied from the perspective of the“heart’s essence”.Therefore,the universe and the individual are the same,each a whole living body,or rather,the universe and human beings constitute a whole living body.It takes any human being quite some efforts in the change of his temperament to understand the concept of“oneness of all things”.Through the efforts of“changing his temperament”,the obscure can“remove the obstacles of selfish desires”and become a great man“of the universe”.