“评鉴性”修缮理念背景下的意大利宁芙花园

‘Restauro Critico’of Historic Gardens and Landscapes:Examplified by the Garden of Ninfa in Italy

宁芙花园,是位于罗马东南约50 km的一座英式风景园。这里曾经是一座中世纪古城,1382年之后逐渐荒芜,19世纪中期德国历史学家格雷戈罗维乌斯将宁芙誉为"中世纪的庞贝"。20世纪之后,在原先的城堡、城墙、教堂和其他古城建筑遗址的基础上,卡埃塔尼家族将这座废墟逐步改造为一座花园,并在有效的管理和保护之下延续至今。基于业已成熟的"评鉴性"修缮理论,意大利的历史古迹保护学界结合园林保护的特殊性开展了深入的实践性研究。文章在梳理和分析意大利历史园林修复方面的理论和思想的基础上,针对宁芙花园展开个案分析,探讨了"评鉴性"方法在历史园林保护方面的重要性和实践意义,在园林遗产保护的"历史诉求"和"美学诉求"、遗址与园林植物共生的状况及废墟美等多方面展开论述。

Giardino di Ninfa,or Garden of Ninfa,is an English-style landscape garden located about 50 km southeast of Rome.It used to be an ancient medieval city which collapsed into ruins after 1382.In the mid-19 th century,German historian Ferdinand Gregorovius acclaimed Ninfa as‘Pompeii of the Middle Ages’.After the 20 th century,the Caetani family gradually transformed the ruins of the city into a landscape garden,combining the garden plants with wreckages of the castle,the city wall,the churches and other urban constructions.Under the effective management and protection,the garden is still thriving today.Based on the theory of‘restauro critico’(critical restoration),the Italian heritage conservation academia combined in-depth field studies with the special requirements in conserving historic gardens and landscapes.This article starts with an introduction of the theories and thoughts on Italian historic garden restoration.It then focuses on the case of Garden of Ninfa,pointing out the significance of the theory and practice of restauro critico when applied to historic garden conservation.In the end,the article illustrates multiple aspects such as the requisitions of historicity and aesthetics in garden heritage conservation,the symbiotic status between built heritage and vegetal elements in the garden,and the sense of sublime aroused by ruins and vegetations.