北方茶都:清代张家口茶叶贸易的变迁

Northern Tea Capital:Changes of Tea Trade in Zhangjiakou in the Qing Dynasty

张家口作为“万里茶道”上重要的商贸节点市镇,不仅是重要的军事重镇,同时也是北方茶都。清代的张家口较之明代,其职能发生如下变化:一是由军事重镇逐渐转向以茶叶贸易为主的商业集镇;二是由最初国内各民族间的茶马互市场所转向连接亚欧茶叶市场枢纽性市镇。茶马互市的开通、张库大道的形成、榷关的设立,共同促成了张家口北方茶都的形成,张家口茶叶贸易的兴衰是“万里茶道”兴衰的缩影。

As an important business node townon the"Wanli Tea Road,"Zhangjiakou is not only an important military town,but also a northern tea capital.Compared to the Ming Dynasty,Zhangjiakou'sfunctions had several changes in the Qing Dynasty.For one,it gradually changed from a major military town to a commercial market town mainly with tea trade,and for another,it shifted from a tea and horse trade market among ethnic groups in China to a hub connecting Asia-European tea market.The opening of tea and horse markets,the formation of Zhangku Avenue,and the establishment of customs office jointly contributed to the formation of the northern tea capital of Zhangjiakou.The rise and fall of Zhangjiakou tea trade was the epitome of the rise and fall of"Wanli tea Road."