俗知与真知:庄子的知识论新释

Common Knowledge and the True Knowledge:A New Explanation of Zhuangzi's Theory of Knowledge

庄子的知识论丰富而复杂。学者多认为,庄子怀疑进而否定世人之俗知,而崇尚真人之真知;真知即体道之知,只有抛弃世人的感性和理性的认知方法及其知识,才能直觉体证本原之大道。因此,世人之俗知与真人之真知完全地对立、割裂开来,且真知及直觉的方式颇有神秘性。俗知分为事实之知与价值之知,庄子质疑进而否定事实之知的真实性、确定性,质疑进而否定价值之知的普遍性、确定性;庄子之真知不是在人世间获得真实性、普遍性的知识,也不是齐之玄知,而是忘知、无知;真人通过忘的工夫彻底地忘却一切知识,心虚静虚无,不识自我,不识天地万物,从而与天地万物混而为一,即回归原初浑沌未分或混而为一的存在形态,即向大道的回归,即体道。真人彻底地消解了自己的主体性,一方面自我养心养神,另一方面万物自生自成自毁。

Zhuangzi's theory of knowledge is rich and sophisticated.Many scholars believe that Zhuangzi doubts and denies common knowledge of the ordinary people and advocates true knowledge of the“real people”(Taoists).True knowledge is the knowledge of grasping the primal world,which can only be obtained by abandoning ordinary people's sensibility and their rational cognitive methods and knowledge and by intuitively experiencing the primal world.Therefore,the common knowledge of the ordinary people is completely opposed and separated from the true knowledge of the Taoists and the true knowledge is quite mysterious.We believe that the common knowledge is divided into knowledge of facts and knowledge of value.Zhuangzi questions and denies the authenticity and certainty of knowledge of facts,and hence questions and denies the universality and certainty of knowledge of value.Zhuangzi's true knowledge is not authentic and universal knowledge acquired from the physical world,neither is ituniform transcendentalknowledge,but is forgetting all knowledge to the degree ofoblivion.The true Taoist completely forgets all knowledge through the work of forgetting,mixing everything into one,that is,returning to the original state of being undivided primal world.The Taoist completely absolves their own subjectivity.On the one hand,they nourish their heart and soul,and on the other hand,they let everything in nature run its course of generation and destruction.