市场、商号与口岸:近代青藏高原东缘麝香的贸易流通

Markets,Firms,and Ports:Modern-Time Musk Trade in Eastern Tibet

鸦片战争后,中国沿海、沿江、沿边的诸多地方被辟为通商口岸,通过口岸外销成了近代青藏高原东缘麝香贸易流通的显著特点,同时国内市场的麝香贸易也趋于频繁。在口岸与原产地之间,商号将各级市场连接成广泛的营销网络,促进了青藏高原东缘与外部世界的联通以及中华民族经济共同体的构铸。青藏高原东缘麝香的流通受国内外形势、产量、价格等因素的明显影响,洋行、买办控制和垄断了麝香出口贸易,从事麝香外贸的国内各民族商号大多成为洋商的附庸,由此折射出近代中国半殖民地半封建社会经济的特征。

After the Opium War,many places along China’s coasts,rivers and borderlines be⁃came trading ports,through which musk from eastern Tibet was exported.At the same time,musk trade in China’s domestic markets became more frequent.Firms of all kinds linked the musk markets of all tiers between the ports and places of origin to form a huge network,making eastern Tibet more connected to the outside world and a part of the Chinese national economic community.Yet musk cir⁃culation of eastern Tibet was subject to influences of the international and domestic situation as well as fluctuations of output and prices,and with foreign firms and compradors dominating and monopolizing all the export trade,Chinese firms engaged in musk trade had to become vassals of foreign firms,a fact which highlights the economic features of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal China in modern times.