高分子材料阻燃与抑烟的分立设计思想

Separation design strategy for flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polymer materials

随着高分子材料在人类生产生活中的广泛应用,其防火安全性问题日益凸显,高效环保阻燃抑烟剂的开发成为当前材料领域亟待解决的问题之一。然而,与发展较为成熟的阻燃剂研究领域相比,世界各国在抑烟剂方面的研究普遍处于起步和初期发展阶段。同时,多数抑烟剂的研究处于阻燃剂的从属地位,即在阻燃剂的基础上附加抑烟的性能,对单功能抑烟剂的开发重视度不够,限制了其进一步的发展。高分子材料中结构和官能团的多样性使其燃烧和发烟机理有显著不同,因此针对不同种类的高分子材料的燃烧和发烟过程,其阻燃和抑烟剂在组成和结构上的设计亦应有明显区别。以同一种材料实现阻燃和抑烟的兼顾,往往顾此失彼,导致两者性能均无法得到最大的发挥。因此,本文提出将阻燃剂和抑烟剂的功能分离开来的设计思想,加强单功能抑烟剂的研究投入,对阻燃/抑烟材料的化学组成和结构分别进行有针对性的设计,再进行功能优化复配,将是实现高分子材料高效阻燃抑烟的有效途径之一。

With the wide application of polymer materials in human production and life,their fire safety problems have become increasingly prominent,and the development of high-efficiency and environmentally friendly flame retardant smoke suppressants has become one of the urgent problems to be solved in the current material field.However,the smoke suppressants did not receive enough attention compared to the relatively mature research of flame retardants for a long time.Most of the current researches on smoke suppression of polymers are the investigation of the smoke suppression property of a known flame retardant and thus developing the so-called“bifunctional materials”with both flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties.The insufficient attention on the smoke suppressant materials greatly limits their development.As we have known,the mechanisms of combustion and smoke emission varied on different polymer materials due to the diversity of structure and functional groups within different polymer materials.Therefore,the design of flame retardants and smoke suppressants of different polymers should also be significantly different.Meanwhile,the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performances are hard to be optimized simultaneously with one material.Therefore,we propose to separate the flame retardancy and smoke suppression in two different materials and strengthen the development of single-function smoke suppressants.Optimizing the flame retardants and smoke suppressants based on the chemical nature of the polymers separately and then combining them might be an effective way to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of polymer materials in the future.