锂枝晶的成核、生长与抑制

Nucleation,growth and inhibition of lithium dendrites

锂金属电池具有较高的理论比容量和最低的氧化还原电位,被认为是最有前途的电化学储能器件之一。然而,金属锂阳极上的锂枝晶所引起的一些关键问题严重阻碍了其实际应用。首先从离子浓度、电场、应力、温度四方面因素介绍了多形貌锂枝晶成核和生长机理;同时,总结了一些用于表征锂枝晶的先进技术;并归纳了抑制锂枝晶形成的策略,包括控制锂枝晶成核的亲锂表面电极、非均相晶核,控制锂枝晶生长的三维导电基体、物理涂层,以及具有固定阴离子的纳米结构电解质和形成球形锂沉积的盐包水电解质。最后提出了挑战和展望,探讨了锂枝晶的未来研究方向。

Lithium metal battery has a higher theoretical specific capacity and the lowest oxidation-reduction potential,which is one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage devices.However,some key problems caused by the lithium dendrites on the metal lithium anode seriously hinder its practical application.This article first introduces the mechanisms of multi-morphology lithium dendrites nucleation and growth with the four factors of ion concentration,electric field,stress and temperature.Some advanced techniques for characterizing lithium dendrites are summarized.Several feasible strategies for inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites are introduced,including lithium-philic surface electrodes and heterogeneous crystal nuclei that control the nucleation of lithium dendrites,three-dimensional conductive substrates and physical coatings that control the growth of lithium dendrites,and nanostructured electrolytes with fixed anions and water-in-salt electrolyte forming spherical lithium deposits.Finally,some challenges and prospects are put forward,and the future research direction of lithium dendrites is clarified.