异质性环境规制、空间溢出与雾霾污染

Heterogeneous environmental regulations,spatial spillover and haze pollution

强化区域雾霾治理、持续改善环境质量是中国生态文明建设的重要内容。文章基于中国2006—2017年省级面板数据,采用空间自滞后模型从环境规制本地效应和溢出效应的双重视角分别考察了命令控制型、市场激励型和公众参与型环境规制对雾霾污染的影响,并进一步探讨了空气质量指标纳入地方政府绩效考核前后异质性环境规制对雾霾污染的影响差异。实证结果表明:命令控制型环境规制和市场激励型环境规制不仅能够降低本地雾霾污染浓度,还能有效缓解邻近地区雾霾污染,呈现出“以邻为伴”的特征。其中,市场激励型环境规制对雾霾污染的本地抑制效应大于命令控制型环境规制;而在空间溢出效应方面,命令控制型环境规制对邻近地区雾霾污染的治理效果更好。由于公众环保意识不足等问题,公众参与型环境规制对雾霾污染的本地抑制效应不显著,同时,其空间溢出效应也不显著。进一步讨论发现,2006—2013年只有命令控制型环境规制有效抑制了雾霾污染,并且异质性环境规制的空间溢出效应尚未显现;2014年以后,命令控制型环境规制和市场激励型环境规制对雾霾污染的本地效应和溢出效应均显著为负,说明中央政府环保监管力度的加强有效发挥了异质性环境规制的治霾效应和正外部性。基于此,提出:一方面建立多元环境规制政策,因地制宜地制定实施环境规制;另一方面,各级政府应重视环境规制政策的空间溢出效应,深化区域雾霾治理联防联控机制建设;同时,中央政府应加强对地方政府环境治理监管力度,制定更为针对性的绿色绩效考核指标。

Strengthening regional haze governance and continuously improving environmental quality are important contents of China􀆳s ecological civilization construction.This paper employed the spatial lag of X model to discuss the impact of command⁃control,market⁃incentive and public⁃participation environmental regulations on haze pollution from the dual perspectives of local and spillover effects of environmental regulations by using provincial and municipal panel data during the 2006-2017 period.This paper also discussed the differences of the impact of heterogeneous environmental regulations on haze pollution after the air quality index was incorporated into local government performance evaluation.The empirical results showed that command⁃control and market⁃incentive environmental reg⁃ulations could not only reduce local haze pollution,but also effectively mitigate haze pollution in neighboring areas,showing the charac⁃teristics of‘neighbors as partners􀆳.Among them,the local suppression effect of market⁃incentive environmental regulation on haze pol⁃lution was greater than that of command⁃control environmental regulation,while in terms of spatial spillover effects,command⁃control environmental regulation was more effective in combating haze pollution in neighboring areas.Due to the lack of public awareness of en⁃vironmental protection,the local suppression effect and spatial spillover effects of public⁃participation environmental regulation on haze pollution were not significant.Moreover,it was found that only command⁃control environmental regulation could effectively restrain haze pollution during the 2006-2013 period,and the spatial spillover effects of heterogeneous environmental regulations had not yet ap⁃peared.After 2014,the local and spillover effects of command⁃control environmental regulation and market⁃incentive environmental regulation on haze pollution were significantly negative,indicating that the strengthening of environmental supervision by the central government effectively brought into play the haze control effect and positive externality of environmental regulation.Based on this,this paper proposes that,on the one hand,multiple environmental regulation policies should be established and environmental regulations be formulated and implemented according to local conditions;on the other hand,the spatial spillover effects of environmental regula⁃tions should be paid attention to and the construction of regional haze governance joint prevention and control mechanism be strength⁃ened.At the same time,the central government should strengthen the supervision of local government environmental governance and formulate more targeted green performance evaluation indicators.