养民与聚民:清代粮食市场中的国家调控(1644—1840)

Nourish People and Gather People: State Regulation in Grain Market during Qing Dynasty(1644—1840)

清代国家对粮食市场的干预源于传统儒家"养民"和"聚民"思想,其目标是赈恤农民、维持农业生产和平抑价格,具体包括恤赏、减免、缓征、改征、借贷和籴粜等六类行为。清代国家干预粮食市场以蠲恤制度为中心,依托于田赋制度、关税制度、漕运制度和仓储制度等诸多制度。其中,漕运和仓储制度提供了坚实的物质保障,奏报制度提供了高效的信息支持。清代对恤赏、减免、缓征、借贷、改征和籴粜等国家干预粮食市场行为的适用条件和实施方式都有非常详细的规定,在乾隆朝前后已形成定制,成为影响市场发展的正式制度,对粮食市场产生了长期影响。通过对《清实录》的统计分析可知,清代国家干预粮食市场行为谕令的数量具有显著的时空特征,且各类行为的地位也发生了比较显著的变化。

The state regulation in grain market during Qing Dynasty is originated from the traditional Confucian thoughts of"nourish people"and"gather people".Its objectives are to relief farmers,maintain agricultural production and firm up grain prices.There are six kinds of behaviors:grant giving,tax breaks,tax postpone,tax change,lending,buying and selling grain.The state regulation in grain market during Qing Dynasty is based on a variety of systems.The water transport system and storage system provide a material guarantee,and the memorial system provides a highly effective information support.All kinds of state intervention behaviors in grain market is fixed during the reign of Emperor Qianlong,and had a long-term impact on the grain market.The statistical analysis of Qingshilu(《清实录》)shows that,the number of decrees of state regulation behaviors in grain market has significant temporal-spatial characteristics,and the status of them in the grain market has also changed significantly.