神人之间:晋唐“桃源”形塑与流变

Between Immortal and Human Beings:The Shaping and Changing of the Image of Taoyuan in the Jin and Tang Dynasties

陶渊明《桃花源记》的“杂传”性质,是后世“桃源”意象生成的基础。初唐对其认识主要是幽美之境和避隐之地。王维《桃源行》首次以“桃源”命篇,其后刘禹锡、韩愈等人均有以此为题之作。这些诗歌叙事略有不同,但整体上以仙事为中心。大历年间,武陵桃花观道童白日升仙,其后诗中仙事与道童故事合流,形成桃源神仙说一脉。《武陵记》和《武陵图经》作为地志,记述桃源较客观理性,但亦有尚异特点。桃源图则是对桃源的图像表达,是诗歌文本的图像再现,故以仙事为主。从刘禹锡和韩愈等事例,可知文学地理与历史地理中的桃源虽存在差异,但又往往统一在诗人意识中。据此可深掘“桃源”在空间和场域方面的地理批评意义,亦可深入理解文学与历史之间复杂的联动关系。

Belonging to the literary category of zazhuan杂传(miscellaneous legends),Tao Yuanming s Taohua Yuan Ji桃花源记(Peach Blossom Spring)was the basis for the generation of the image of Taoyuan桃源(peach blossom spring)in later generations.At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty,Taoyuan was mainly taken as a place of secluded beauty and a place of retreat.Wang Wei s Taoyuan Xing桃源行(A Journey to Peach Blossom Spring)was the first poem which made Taoyuan as part of its title,and later Liu Yuxi,Han Yu and others also created works on this topic.The narratives of these poems were slightly different,but on the whole they all centered on the life and stories of immortals.During the Dali Reign(766-779),the child Taoist monk at the Taoist temple named Taohua Guan(Peach Blossom Taoist Temple)in Wuling rose to immortality in broad daylight,and then the fairy tales in the poem merged with the Taoist stories to form a genre of Taoyuan stories of immortals.Wuling Ji武陵记(Records of Wuling)and Wuling Tujing武陵图经(Map Guides of Wuling)as topographical records describe Taoyuan more objectively and rationally,but they also have different characteristics.The pictorial Taoyuan maps are imagery expressions of Taoyuan,and to be exact are the imagery reproduction of the texts of the poems,so they are mainly based on the stories of immortals.From the examples of Liu Yuxi and Han Yu,we can see that although there are differences between the Taoyuans in literary geography and those in historical geography,they are often unified in the mind of the poets.Based on this,it is possible to dig deeper into the significance of doing geographical criticism of Taoyuan in terms of the space and sphere created by the different types of works,and to deeply understand the complex relationship between literature and history.