《春秋》笔削见义与传统叙事学--兼论《三国志》《三国志注》之笔削书法

The Writing and Cutting in the Spring and Autumn Annals and Traditional Chinese Narratology:With a Discussion of the Style of Writing in The History of the Three Kingdoms and Annotations to the History of the Three Kingdoms

笔削原指史料的删存去取,乃历史编纂学之必要步骤。笔与削彼此互发其蕴,互显其义。笔而书之,排比史事可显意,连属辞文亦能见义。《春秋》笔削书法,一变为属辞比事之《春秋》教,再变为详略、异同、重轻、忽谨、先后、因变之史法,三变为曲直、显晦、有无、虚实、忌讳、回护之义法。或笔或削,大抵出于作者之独断与别裁,为一家之言所由生,藉此探索文心、史识、史观、历史哲学,可谓顺理成章。方苞会通经史古文,提倡义法,强调法以义起,法随义变,为中国传统叙事学着重笔削见义、比事属辞之“法”提供了学理依据。《春秋》《左传》等史籍“言有物”之义,大多推见以至隐,往往藉由“言有序”之“法”以表述。古典小说与戏剧叙事渊源于史传,笔削书法,自可作为解读《三国志》《三国志注》《三国志演义》等史传、小说、戏剧叙事之津梁与法门。

As a necessary process in historiography, "writing and cutting" originally refers to deletion and collection, as well as taking and leaving of historical materials. Generally speaking, writing or cutting is originated from the author’s judgement, identification, and selection, through which one can explore his literary mind, historical cognition, and conception of history. Fang Bao advocated substance and order, and emphasized that the latter is originated from the former, and changes with the former, which provided academic basis for classical Chinese narratology. Afterall, the "substance" of historical classics such as the Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo’s Commentary is often expressed through the "order". So the art of writing and cutting could be the approach and aid to understand the narrative of historical biography, fiction, and drama such as The History of the Three Kingdoms, Annotations to the History of the Three Kingdoms, and Romance of the Three Kingdoms.