民国时期国有铁路“运价统一”政策述论

On the Policy of National Railways "Unification of Freight Rates" in the Republic of China

民国时期,中国政府基于扩充铁路业务,发展国民经济,维护社会民生,以及巩固中央集权等诸多因素,在国有铁路运价治理上推行“运价统一”政策,从民初至全面抗战爆发,前后经历了北洋政府交通部和国民政府铁道部两个阶段。北洋政府交通部阶段,召开全国铁路运输会议,注重于运价规制和运价标准的统一;国民政府铁道部阶段则以货等运价委员会为主导,重点在于控制铁路运价权和推行“民生主义”运价。国有铁路“运价统一”政策最终没能有效实现对国有铁路运价管制,但它在一定程度上扭转铁路运价混乱的局面,在发展国民经济和保障社会民生方面起到了积极作用,契合了当时社会发展的客观要求。

During the period of the Republic of China,the Chinese government implemented a policy of"unification of freight rates"in the management of state-owned railway freight rates based on many factors such as expanding railway business,developing the national economy,maintaining social people's livelihood,and consolidating centralization.The policy underwent two stages from the early Republic of China to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War:the Transport Ministry of the Beiyang government and the Railway Ministry of the National Government.The Transport Ministry of the Beiyang government organized national railway transport conferences,focusing on unification of freight rate regulation and freight rate standards while the Railway Ministry of the National Government was led by the Freight Rate Committee,focusing on the control of railway freight rights and the implementation of"people's livelihood"freight rates.Although it ultimately failed to control freight rates,the policy of“unification of freight rates"reversed the chaos of freight rates in China to a degree.It played a positive role in the development of the national economy and the protection of the people's livelihood,and it was also in line with the objective requirements of social development at that time.