野生动物容纳量研究进展

Research advance on carrying capacity of wildlife

环境容纳量是体现生物生存环境限制的重要指标,是合理调节种群数量的重要依据。该文以“野生动物容纳量”“种群生存力分析”和“wildlife carrying capacity”为检索关键词,从CNKI和WOS中筛选出了59篇相关文献进行了总结分析。结果表明:野生动物容纳量的研究主要集中在营养容纳量和空间容纳量,其中以营养容纳量研究最为常见,在野生动物空间容纳量上还有探索空间;目前对鹿科动物容纳量的研究较多,对其余科属种的动物研究还不足;影响野生动物容纳量的主要因素有环境资源状况(数量、质量、波动)、动物个体在维持生存和生产过程中对营养物质的需求、生物对生境内资源的利用状况(数量、形式、效率和波动等)、生物种内及种间关系。考虑上述因素深入系统的研究还不够,动物栖息地容纳量具有动态性,一般选择冬季评估野生动物栖息地的容纳量,以有效判断环境容纳量的最低限值。为实施野生动物特别是珍稀物种栖息地精准管理,很有必要针对年际和年内水文差异开展野生动物动态容纳量研究。

Carrying capacity of wildlife is of importance in both reflecting the limit of living environment and regulating reasonably population number.Selected from CNKI and WOS by means of such key words as wildlife carrying capacity,analysis of population viability and wildlife carrying capacity,59 relevant literatures were summarized and then analyzed.The results showed that:the research of carrying capacity of wild animals mainly focused on both nutrient carrying capacity and space carrying capacity,the former was the most common topic,but the latter still remained to be desired.By now,more researchers were devoted to the carrying capacity of cervidae while less to another animal families.And we found that the main affecting factors included environmental resources(quantity,quality,volatility),nutrient demands of individual animals in the process of living and propagation,the use of habitat resources by animals(quantity,form,efficiency and fluctuation,etc.)and biological intraspecific and interspecific relationship.Considering insufficient systematic study of the above factors,and dynamic habitat carrying capacity,generally,the winter was taken for assessing the habitat carrying capacity so as to effectively judge the lowest limit of environmental carrying capacity.In order to implement an accurate management of habitats,especially those of rare species,it is indispensible to carry on the relevant research on dynamic carrying capacity of wildlife base on the inter-annual and intra-annual hydrological differences.