汉代“军吏”起家研究

A Study on the Start of“Military Officials”in the Han Dynasty

“军吏”在先秦时仅指军队里的各级军官,起家途径以军功为主。两汉时,一方面将军从“军吏”中分离,校尉成了将军与“军吏”的分界点;另一方面,除了军队中校尉以下的军官,各号将军幕府的属吏以及中央或地方部分负责军务的武官也被纳入“军吏”的范畴,不少士人和士卒以此起家入仕。随着“军吏”群体的扩大以及选官制度的发展,汉代“军吏”的起家途径更加丰富,涵盖军功、将军或都尉辟请、举荐、朝廷征拜、招募、察举等。相比于文官与后世“军吏”,汉代“军吏”的起家仍保留“尚首功”特色,体现出明显的原始性。

“Military Officials”in the pre-Qin period only referred to officers at all levels in the army,and the main way to get started was military merit.During the Han Dynasty,on the one hand,the generals were separated from the“Military Officials”,and Xiaowei became the demarcation point between the generals and the“Military Officials”.On the other hand,in addition to the officers below the lieutenant colonel,the subordinate officials of the general shogunate and the military officials responsible for military affairs in the central or local parts are also included in the category of“Military Officials”,many scholars and soldiers started their careers with this.With the expansion of the“Military Officials”group and the development of the official selection system,the“Military Officials”in the Han Dynasty had more ways to get started,including military merit,general or captain appointment,recommendation,imperial court worship,recruitment,investigation and so on.However,compared with civil officials and later“Military Officials”,the beginning of the“Military Officials”in the Han Dynasty still retained the system of“giving the first merit”,showing obvious original characteristics.