竹林密度和施肥种类对幕阜山区毛竹笋产量和品质及土壤理化性质的影响

Effects of Bamboo Forest Density and Fertilizer Types on the Yield and Quality of Phyllostachys edulis Bamboo Shoots and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Mufu Mountain Area

【目的】研究竹林密度、施肥种类等经营措施对毛竹笋产量、品质及土壤理化性质的影响,分析影响竹笋品质的主要因素,为幕阜山区毛竹笋用林经营提供理论依据。【方法】采用双因素完全随机区组,设置3种竹林密度(2100~2550、2700~3150、3300~3750株·hm^(-2))和3种施肥种类(复合肥、有机肥、配施肥)的9种组合处理,以未经营过且研究期间未进行密度调控和施肥的自然竹林为对照,分析毛竹笋的产量差异和品质特征变化;基于主成分分析法,评价不同经营措施对土壤理化性质的影响;利用冗余分析,探索竹笋品质与土壤理化性质和竹林密度的关系。【结果】1)在研究的竹林密度范围内,毛竹笋产量随密度减小而增大,在密度2100~2550株·hm^(-2)时产量最高;施肥种类对竹笋产量有显著影响,施用复合肥时产量最高,施用有机肥时产量最低。2)施肥种类对竹笋营养品质影响较明显,施用有机肥时竹笋可溶性糖含量最高,施用配施肥时竹笋蛋白质含量最高;竹笋草酸含量和单宁含量随竹林密度减小而减小,低密度经营可使竹笋食味品质更佳。3)采取竹林经营措施后,土壤密度减小,同时也加剧土壤酸化,仅在施用有机肥时土壤pH值未显著降低;竹林密度调控对土壤全氮、全钾含量无显著影响,但可提高土壤的水解氮、有效磷和有机质含量;各施肥种类均可显著提高土壤的水解氮和有效磷含量。4)土壤理化性质随竹林密度降低而改善;施用配施肥后的土壤理化性质最好,其次为有机肥;除“3300~3750株·hm^(-2)+复合肥”外,其他组合经营措施均能改善土壤理化性质,其中以“2100~2550株·hm^(-2)+配施肥”、“2100~2550株·hm^(-2)+有机肥”和“3300~3750株·hm^(-2)+配施肥”处理的效果最好。5)土壤理化性质和竹林密度能较好解释竹笋的品质特征,其对竹笋营养品质和食味品质的解释量分别达74.7%和69.1%,其中土壤pH值是影响营养品质的主要因素,竹林密度是影响食味品质的主要因素。【结论】采用“2100~2550株·hm^(-2)+复合肥”可较好提高竹笋产量。采用低密度经营,施用有机肥或配施肥,同时调节土壤pH值,不仅可较好提升竹笋的营养品质和食味品质,还利于改善土壤理化性质。

【Objective】This study aimed to provide theoretical basis for the high yield management of Phyllostachys edulis forests for bamboo shoots in Mufu Mountain area by investigating the influence of bamboo forest density and the fertilizer types on the yield and quality of bamboo shoots and soil physicochemical properties.【Method】A two-factor complete randomized block experiment with three levels of bamboo forest density(2100-2550,2700-3150,3300-3750 stem·hm^(-2))and three types of fertilizer(compound fertilizer,organic fertilizer and formula fertilizer)was conducted,and so there were 9 kinds of combination treatments in total.The natural bamboo forests which had not been managed and had no density regulation or fertilization during the study period were used as the control.The yield differences and changes of quality characteristics of bamboo shoots were analyzed.Based on principal component analysis,the effects of different management measures on soil physicochemical properties were evaluated,and then the redundancy analysis was used to explore the relationship between the quality of bamboo shoots and soil physicochemical properties and bamboo forest density.【Result】1)Within the range of bamboo forest density in this study,the bamboo shoot yield increased with the decreasing density,and reached the highest when the density was 2100-2550 stem·hm^(-2).Fertilizer types significantly affected the bamboo shoot yield,and when compound fertilizer was applied the yield was the highest,when organic fertilizer was applied the yield was the lowest.2)Fertilizer types obviously affected the nutritional quality of bamboo shoots,and the soluble sugar contents were the highest when organic fertilizer was applied,the protein contents were the highest when formula fertilizer was applied.The oxalic acid and tannin contents of bamboo shoots decreased with the decreasing bamboo forest density.The eating quality would be better with lower bamboo forest density.3)After bamboo forest management measures were taken,the soil density decreased,but soil acidification was exacerbated at the same time.The soil pH-value did not significantly decrease only when organic fertilizer was applied.Regulation of bamboo forest density had no significant effects on the contents of total nitrogen and total potassium in the soil,but could significantly promote the content of hydrolytic nitrogen,available phosphorus and organic matter in the soil.Meanwhile,all types of fertilizers significantly increased the contents of hydrolytic nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil.4)The soil physicochemical properties improved with the decrease of bamboo forest density.The soil physicochemical properties were the best when formula fertilizer was applied,followed by organic fertilizer.Except the management of"3300-3750 stem·hm^(-2)+compound fertilizer",all other management measures could improve soil physicochemical properties,among which,the most effective managements were"2100-2550 stem·hm^(-2)+compound fertilizer","2100-2550 stem·hm^(-2)+organic fertilizer"and"3300-3750 stem·hm^(-2)+compound fertilizer".5)Soil physicochemical properties and bamboo forest density explained the quality characteristics of bamboo shoots well,and the explanation for the nutritional quality and eating quality reached 74.7%and 69.1%,respectively.The soil pH-value was the main factor affecting the nutritional quality,and the bamboo forest density was the main factor affecting the eating quality.【Conclusion】The measure of"2100-2550 stem·hm^(-2)+compound fertilizer"can better increase the bamboo shoot yield.The measures of adopting lower bamboo forest density management,applying organic fertilizer or formula fertilizer,and adjusting the soil pH-value can not only improve the nutritional quality and eating quality of bamboo shoots,but also improve the soil physicochemical properties.