次级洞巢鸟类对不同生境下人工巢箱的选择

Selection of Artificial Nest Boxes in Different Habitats by Secondary Cavity-Nesting Birds

【目的】在北京松山国家级自然保护区调查次级洞巢鸟类对不同生境下人工巢箱的利用情况,分析对各鸟种的招引效果以及其生态因子选择偏好,揭示次级洞巢鸟类繁殖期的生境需求,为选择人工巢箱悬挂位点提供参考。【方法】以被利用和未利用巢箱为中心,分别做10 m×10 m的实验样方和对照样方,记录坡向、乔木密度等16个生态因子,使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验各鸟种利用巢箱间生态因子的选择差异,使用广义线性模型筛选出次级洞巢鸟类对不同生境下人工巢箱选择的最佳模型。【结果】2017和2019年,共招引到大山雀、褐头山雀、北红尾鸲、黑头䴓、普通䴓和白眉姬鹟6种鸟类,招引成功率为52.9%,其中大山雀巢数量最多(n=81巢)。大山雀、褐头山雀和北红尾鸲3种鸟类分别在悬挂高度(P=0.009)、乔木均高(P=0.017)2个生态因子上差异显著。北红尾鸲利用的人工巢箱悬挂高度最低,且显著低于大山雀(P=0.015)和褐头山雀(P=0.024);大山雀利用的人工巢箱所在样方的乔木均高最低,且显著低于褐头山雀(P=0.013)。最佳模型显示大山雀利用人工巢箱概率与乔木密度成正相关(P=0.003),与巢树胸径(P=0.016)和枯木数量(P=0.007)成负相关;褐头山雀利用人工巢箱概率与乔木均高成正相关(P<0.001),与巢树胸径成负相关(P<0.001);北红尾鸲利用人工巢箱概率与巢箱高度(P=0.024)、巢树胸径(P<0.001)、枯木数量(P=0.009)和距离地面3 m的林下郁闭度(P=0.013)成负相关。【结论】人工巢箱对于大山雀招引效果最好。大山雀和褐头山雀在繁殖期偏好隐蔽性强的人工巢箱,北红尾鸲在繁殖期倾向于选择隐蔽性强且光照充足的人工巢箱。建议将人工巢箱安装在乔木高大的密林,同时通过向阳悬挂等方式增加日辐射量。为提高巢箱利用率,可将巢箱间距设置为50 m。

【Objective】Based on the survey of utilization of artificial nest boxes in different habitats in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve by secondary cavity-nesting birds,the attraction effect of various bird species and selection preference of ecological factors were analyzed,and the habitat requirements of secondary cavity-nesting birds during breeding were revealed,so as to provide reference for selecting sites to hang the artificial nest boxes.【Method】The 10 m×10 m experimental plots were set up respectively around occupied nest boxes and non-occupied nest boxes,and in the plots,sixteen ecological factors,such as slope aspect and number of trees were recorded.Kruskal-Wallis H was used to test the selection differences of ecological factors between nest-boxes of different species.The generalized linear model(GLM)was used to choose the best model of artificial nest box selection for secondary cavity-nesting birds in different habitats.【Result】In 2017 and 2019,six species of birds were attracted by artificial nest boxes in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve,including cinereous tit(Parus cinereus),willow tit(Poecile montanus),daurian redstart(Phoenicurus auroreus),Chinese nuthatch(Sitta villosa),Eurasian nuthatch(S.europaea)and yellow-rumped flycatcher(Ficedula zanthopygia).The success rate of attraction was 52.9%and its number of being used by cinereous tits was the largest(n=81).The cinereous tits,willow tits and daurian redstarts had significantly different preference of height of nest boxes set out(P=0.009)and average tree height(P=0.017).The hanging height of nest boxes used by daurian redstarts was the lowest and was significantly lower than that used by cinereous tits(P=0.015)and willow tits(P=0.024).The average tree height in the plots where the nest boxes were used by cinereous tits was the lowest and significantly lower than that of willow tits(P=0.013).The best model showed that the probability of nest boxes being used by cinereous tits was positively correlated to the number of trees(P=0.003),and negatively correlated to the DBH of trees(P=0.016)and the number of dead trees(P=0.007).The probability of nest boxes being used by willow tits was positively correlated to the average tree height(P<0.001),and negatively correlated to the DBH of trees(P<0.001).The probability of nest boxes being used by daurian redstarts was negatively correlated to the height of nest boxes set out(P=0.024),the DBH of nest boxes fixed trees(P<0.001),the number of dead trees(P=0.009)and understory canopy density at 3 m from the ground(P=0.013).【Conclusion】Artificial nest boxes have the best attraction effect on cinereous tits.Cinereous tits and willow tits prefer more vegetation coverage to hide while daurian redstarts prefer more vegetation coverage and illumination during breeding period.We suggest to set out artificial nest boxes in the dense forest with tall trees,and make the nest entrance toward sun to have more solar radiation.The distance between nest boxes can be set to 50 m apart in order to improve utilization rate.