秸秆还田下有机肥替代部分氮肥对玉米产量及土壤理化性状的影响

Effects of Organic Fertilizer Replacing Part of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Maize Yield and Soil Physical and Chemical Properties under the Condition of Straw Incorporation

为研究秸秆还田条件下有机肥替代部分氮肥对土壤培肥和玉米产量的效果,在长春市选择连年秸秆还田试验地,在等氮条件下设置不施肥、单施化肥和施用3种有机肥(鸡粪堆肥、猪粪堆肥和商品有机肥)替代氮肥等14个处理,测定了土壤有机质含量、土壤速效养分及玉米产量等指标。结果表明,随着有机肥替代化肥比例的增加,土壤容重呈下降趋势,鸡粪替代100%氮肥处理(CM100)、猪粪替代100%氮肥处理(PM100)、商品有机肥替代100%氮肥处理(COF100)容重较100%化肥对照(CF)分别减少6.6%、5.3%、5.3%;在0~20 cm土层,鸡粪替代25%氮肥处理(CM25)的土壤有机质含量最高,比CF提高6.2%;CM25处理的玉米产量比CF降低1.2%,与其他处理相比减产最少;施用3种有机肥替代化肥处理对土壤速效养分没有贡献,均无显著性差异。综合比较,替代量为鸡粪25%~50%的效果最佳,在保证产量的同时,也改善了土壤环境,保护黑土地。

To study the effects of organic fertilizer replacing part of nitrogen fertilizer on soil fertility and maize yield under the condition of straw incorporation, a long-term field experiment was carried out in Changchun. Under equal nitrogen application rate,14 treatments including no fertilization, single application of chemical fertilizer and application of 3 kinds of organic fertilizers(chicken manure compost, pig manure compost, commercial organic fertilizer)to replace nitrogen fertilizer were set up, and the content of soil organic matter, soil available nutrients and maize yield were measured. The results showed that the soil bulk density decreased with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer. The treatment of chicken manure instead of 100%nitrogen fertilizer(CM100), pig manure instead of 100%nitrogen fertilizer(PM100)and commercial organic fertilizer instead of 100%nitrogen fertilizer(COF100)decreased by 6.6%, 5.3%and 5.3%, respectively, compared with 100%chemical fertilizer control(CF). In 0-20 cm soil layer, the soil organic matter content of chicken manure instead of 25%nitrogen fertilizer(CM25)was the highest, which was 6.2%higher than that of CF. The maize yield of CM25 treatment was 1.2%lower than that of CF, which was the least compared with other treatments. The application of three organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizer had no contribution to soil available nutrients, and there was no significant difference. Comprehensive comparison showed that replacing 25%-50%nitrogen fertilizer with chicken manure had the optimal effect. With straw incorporatin, not only the output was guaranteed, but also the soil environment was improved, and the black land was protected as well.