全民基本收入与全民基本服务——当代两大社会政策思潮的比较与论争

Universal Basic Income and Universal Basic Services:The Comparison and Debates Between Two Contemporary Social Policy Thoughts

社会政策旨在以集体方式来干预个人问题。21世纪以来的金融风暴、技术变革、气候变化以及新冠疫情等诸多世界性事件都预示着人类处于一个高度不确定和充满不安全感的生存环境中,并导致全球贫困与不平等现象的恶化。那么,如何通过人类社会的集体行动来增加个人的安全感并减缓贫困与不平等呢?对此,基本收入与基本服务理念做出了回应。前者强调21世纪经济体系结构性变化中的缴费型社会保险式微而无法给人们提供经济和社会安全感,因而需要提供覆盖全民的、作为权利的基本收入;后者则突出因战后所形成的普遍服务理念与政策的衰落而导致的对人们共同需要满足的忽视,因而提倡通过全民基本服务的方式发挥集体责任来满足人们的共同需要。基本服务概念与基本收入概念相伴而生,但是它们源自不同的理论脉络与社会压力,因而各有其主张和理论依据,不过两者并不完全冲突。本研究试图梳理、考察和比较这两种新的社会政策理念与计划,以丰富中国社会政策理论研究与实践创新。

Social policy aims to intervene in individual problems in a collective manner.Since the 21st Century,the financial turmoil,technological change,climate change,and many other world events such as COVID-19 have heralded human being in a highly uncertain and insecure living environment and led to the deteri⁃oration of poverty and inequality globally.So how can we increase individual security and alleviate poverty and inequality through collective action of human society?In this regard,the thoughts of Universal Basic Income(UBI)and Universal Basic Services(UBS)have given their responses.The former emphasizes that the contributory social insurance in the structural changes of the economic system in the 21st Century is declining and can not provide people with a sense of economic and social security,so it is necessary to pro⁃vide basic income as a right covering the whole people.The latter highlights the neglect of meeting people’s common needs caused by the decline of the idea and policy of universal services formed after the World War II,so it advocates giving play to collective responsibility to meet people’s common needs through uni⁃versal basic services.As a concept,UBI is accompanied by UBS,but they come from different theoretical contexts and social pressure,so they have their own propositions and theoretical basis.Nevertheless,they do not completely conflict.This study attempts to sort out,investigate and compare these two new social policy ideas,so as to enrich the theoretical research and practical innovation of China’s social policy.