《民法典》总则编部分条款的逻辑瑕疵及其修订建议(上)

Logical Defects of Some Articles in The General Provisions of Civil Code and Suggestions for Revision(PART Ⅰ)

逻辑规则、语言规则之所以能够作为评价《民法典》的基本规则,这是由法律与语言、逻辑之间具有内容与形式的关系所决定的。法律规范命题是以自然语言的形式表达出来的,自然语言是法律规范命题的外在表达形式,逻辑语言是法律规范命题的内在表达方式。法律概念外延间的逻辑关系、价值关系决定了法律规范命题的量词、连接词、道义规范词以及标点符号的不同形式,正是这些不同的量词、连接词、道义规范词以及标点符号才将不同法律概念连接成为不同的法律规则、法律原则,最终构成一个完整的法律规范体系。如果法律规范命题中出现了逻辑错误或语法错误,这说明该法律规范命题很可能没有正确反映法律自身的内在规律。因此运用语言规则、逻辑规则对法律规范命题进行分析评价的过程就是发现逻辑错误的过程,修正这些逻辑错误或语法错误能够提高立法质量。本文以“合规律—合规则”“无矛盾”“准确”和“简洁”为评价标准,对《民法典》总则编中存在的逻辑错误进行了系统的学理分析,并提出了相应的修改意见。

Rules of logic and language are able to evaluate the basic rule of The Civil Code,as it is determined by the relationship between law and language,logic of their content and form:the determination of legal norms proposition is expressed in the form of natural language,and natural language is the external expression of legal norms proposition,logic language is the inner expression of legal norms proposition.Logical relationship between the legal concept extension,the value relationship determines the legal proposition of quantifiers,connectors,moral norms and different forms of punctuation marks,and it is these different measure words,conjunctions,moral standard words and punctuation to connect the different legal concepts as different legal rules and legal principles,ultimately form a complete system of legal norms.If legal norms proposition is in logic errors or grammatical errors,suggesting that the legal proposition may well not correctly reflect the inherent law of the law itself,so the use of the language rules,logic analysis of the legal norms proposition evaluation process is the process of finding logic errors,correcting the logic or grammatical errors which can improve the quality of legislation.In this paper,based on the evaluation criteria of"conforming to the law and conforming to the rule","no contradiction","accuracy"and"conciseness",the logic errors in the general provisions of the Civil Code are systematically analyzed theoretically and puts forward some suggestion for revision.