论明代监察系统的构建与运行

Construction and Operation of Supervision System in Ming Dynasty

作为古代监察机制的调整与强化时期,明朝尤为注重官吏队伍的整治,这不仅与当时特定的社会背景相关,也与明太祖朱元璋的个人经历有关。自建朝以来,明代建立起自中央到地方的监察机构,中央、地方监察机构和“两厂一卫”互相牵制,十分严密。与此同时,通过《宪纲条例》和《大明律》等专门的监察法规和惩治法规对官员的工作提出了严格的要求,也为其违反法令的行为规定了详细的处置意见。监察机构的层叠交织,监察立法的细化,使得明朝的监察体制更加严密,“风纪为之一清”。但是由于监察理念上的偏差以及对监察官的监督不到位,在后期出现了监察机构职能重叠、监察法规处刑过重、权利限制逐渐失控等问题。总体来看,明朝的监察系统未能实现应有的监察效果。

Since the founding of the dynasty,the Ming Dynasty has established a central to local supervision organization.The central and local supervision organizations and the"two factories and one guard"have restrained each other and are very strict.At the same time,through special supervision and punishment regulations such as the regulations on the outline of the Constitution and the law of the Ming Dynasty,strict requirements are put forward for the work of officials,and detailed disposal opinions are also provided for their violations of laws and regulations.The overlapping and interweaving of supervision institutions and the refinement of supervision legislation made the supervision system of the Ming Dynasty more rigorous,"discipline is one of the Qing Dynasty".However,due to the deviation of supervision concept and the lack of supervision over supervisors,there were some problems in the later stage,such as the overlapping of functions of supervision institutions,the excessive punishment of supervision laws and regulations,and the gradual out of control of rights restrictions.Generally speaking,the supervision system of the Ming Dynasty failed to achieve the due supervision effect.