宅基地有偿使用的实践探索与法理透视

Reflections on the Paid Use System for Homesteads in China

宅基地有偿使用是宅基地优化配置的重要措施,对于乡村振兴战略和共同富裕目标的实现具有重大意义。为保证宅基地使用权分配环节和保有环节的公平性,各试点地区围绕占地面积、收费模式、计价标准、奖惩措施与优惠政策等方面进行了有益探索。这些探索进一步表明该制度的规范基础是《土地管理法》第62条第1款,其法理基础是土地资源的稀缺性与分配的公平性。同时,各地试点也呈现出适用范围的不确定性、收费标准缺乏科学依据、收费用途的随意性等问题。为进一步把宅基地有偿使用的改革推向深处,各地应在保有环节从适用范围的限定性、收费标准的科学性、费用用途的公共性和惩戒机制的自治性等方面不断完善宅基地有偿使用制度。

The paid use of homesteads is an important measure for its optimal allocation,which is of great significance to rural revitalization and common prosperity.In order to ensure the fairness of the right to use homesteads in the allocation and retention process,each pilot area has carried out useful explorations into floor space,charging mode,pricing standards,rewards and punishments,preferential policies,etc.These explorations further show that the normative basis of the system is Paragraph 1 of Article 62 of the Land Management Law and that the scarcity of land resources and the fairness of distribution are its legal basis.At the same time,pilot projects in various regions have also presented problems,such as the uncertainty of the scope of application,the lack of reason in the charging standards,and the arbitrariness of the purpose of charging.On the basis of the existing measures,each region should pay attention to the limitation of the scope of application,the scientificity of the fee standard,the publicness of the fee,and the autonomy of the punishment mechanism,etc.,so as to continuously improve the system of paid use of homesteads.