蒙蒂切洛及其后续--帕拉第奥的乡村别墅在美国的继承与转译

Monticello and Beyond:Inheritance and Adaptation of Palladio’s Country Villa in America

18世纪末期,托马斯·杰弗逊通过亲自实践设计弗吉尼亚大学校园和自宅蒙蒂切洛,推动了古典主义在美国的发扬,其建筑被称为美国式的“新古典主义”“新帕拉第奥主义”或是“杰弗逊式建筑”。19世纪末到20世纪初美国进入经济发展的黄金时代,同时致力于自我文化身份定位。这种所谓美国式的文艺复兴在建筑方面的表现就是古典主义风格逐渐成为公共建筑设计的主流。与此同时,巴黎美术学院的建筑教育深深影响着美国的第一代以及后面几代的建筑师,当时一些主流建筑师的设计,例如麦金姆、米德和怀特事务所的古典主义建筑设计与黄金时代的美国富人阶层不谋而合,因此成就了许多帕拉第奥式的古典主义“乡村住宅”。本文重点讨论这些美国式的乡村住宅建筑对帕拉第奥的别墅以及杰弗逊式建筑的继承、发展和转译。

In the late-eighteenth century,Thomas Jefferson promoted classical architecture in America through his own practices.His University of Virginia campus and his own home in Monticello became known as“Jeffersonian architecture”or as the American form of“neo-Classicism”and/or“neo-Palladianism”.From the late-nineteenth to the early-twentieth century,during the Gilded Age,American art and architecture underwent a renaissance,and as the national self-confidence was restored,many public buildings adopted a new Greek,Roman,or Renaissance style.At the same time,the educational program of theÉcole des Beaux-Arts in Paris influenced the first generations of American architects,such as McKim,Mead and White,whose Beaux-art trainings catered to the taste of the upper class.As the result,many“country”houses were built in a classical style that represented the legacy of Palladio and Jefferson,and more importantly,the American adaptation of it.