“局外人”(二):进步主义思潮与西方现代城市规划之形成及其早期发展

Outsiders(Part II):Progressivism and the Emergence and Early Development of Modern City Planning

现代西方城市规划正式创立于20世纪初。而在19世纪中后叶随着进步主义思想的兴起,政治、经济、社会改革的风潮席卷欧美,在新闻记者、倾向改革的政治家以及经济学家和社会活动家等群体的共同努力下,掀起了轰轰烈烈的进步主义改革运动,涉及贫民住房、市政治理、土地权属和税收制度等诸方面,其结果不但大大改变了人们关于政治、经济和社会等的思想观念,也改造了城市面貌,并为城市规划学科的出现和城市规划制度的完善奠定了坚实基础。本文聚焦于这些传统规划史论述中罕少提及的“局外人”,在进步主义思想传播的背景下讨论他们各自的规划思想和政策实践,及其与现代城市规划创建及早期发展的关联。

Modern city planning as an independent discipline was formally established in the early years of the twentieth century.However,with the rise and spread of Progressivism in the late nineteenth century,social,economic,and political reforms gained momentum in Western countries,due to the efforts of journalists,radical liberal politicians,economists,and social activists,covering almost every area such as slum clearance,housing reform,municipal governance,or land tax reform.This step not only changed people’s mindset and transformed the urban landscape,but it also provided a solid foundation for the emergence of city planning as a discipline and pushed forward the boundaries of its concepts and practices.Focusing on a few outsiders/interlopers rarely mentioned in planning history,this paper explores how the policy and spatial practices used by these people relate to the emergence and development of city planning in its formative years.