1770—1775年莫斯科的鼠疫大战及其启示

The Plague War in Moscow from1770 to 1775 and Its Enlightenment

1770年,莫斯科爆发了鼠疫。疫情早期,医学界对该病的诊断出现“鼠疫说”和“热病说”两种观点。病名无法定论对防控工作造成重大干扰,瘟疫愈演愈烈。大灾之年,政府忽视民生问题,人民的生活显露危机,走投无路的民众掀起了暴动。叶卡捷琳娜大帝派奥尔洛夫伯爵赶赴莫斯科救灾。他迅速开展了摸底工作,凝聚社会各界力量,全力解决民生问题,弥补抗疫失误。很快,两方面都取得了显著成效。为防止疫情反弹,善后工作一直持续到1775年。痛定思痛,中央政府还积极改善莫斯科市的公共卫生。鼠疫大战带来的启示,对当下抗击瘟疫具有一定的借鉴意义。

In 1770,aplague epidemic broke out in Moscow.In the early stage of the epidemic,the medical community had two views on the diagnosis of the disease name,the“plague theory”and the“febrile disease theory”.The inconclusive disease name caused major interference in the prevention and control work,and the plague intensified.In the year of catastrophe,the government ignored people’s livelihood issues,and people’s lives were also in crisis.The desperate people set off a riot.In order to quell popular anger and eradicate the plague,Ekaterina the Great sent Count Orlov to Moscow for disaster relief.He quickly carried out the groundwork,gathered forces from all walks of life,and went all out to solve people’s livelihood problems and make up for the mistakes in the fight against the epidemic.Soon,notable results were achieved in both aspects.To prevent the epidemic from rebounding,the aftermath work continued until September 1775.In the face of huge population losses,the central government had actively improved the public health environment of Moscow City to take precautions.The enlightenment brought by the plague war has certain reference significance for the current fight against the plague.