鳖甲的本草考证

Textual Research on Trionycis Carapax

鳖甲是临床常用药物,现代对鳖甲的研究主要聚焦于实验研究及临床观察,鲜见文献研究。该文在系统查阅鳖甲古今文献的基础上,通过分析历代本草方书中的相关内容,对鳖甲的名称、基原、产地、品质评价、功效主治、炮制方法及用药禁忌进行全面考证。通过考证发现,在基原上,古籍文献所载的鳖甲当来源于中华鳖Trionyx sinensis的背甲,山瑞鳖T.steindachneri的背甲不宜作为中药鳖甲的来源。鳖甲的道地产区在今长江中下游的岳阳、荆州、安徽东南部及江苏西部。关于鳖甲的品质评价,本草古籍中常以鳖甲的肋数如七肋、九肋作为品质评价的标准,但通过文献研究及对药材市场的实地考察,发现以肋数作为品质的评价标准在现代并不可取。随着时代的更迭,鳖甲的功效主治在《神农本草经》的基础上逐渐扩展,后世将鳖甲广泛应用于内外妇儿各科。需要注意的是,鳖甲治劳热骨蒸当来源于《神农本草经》,而不是《本草衍义》等古籍所言的《药性论》。在炮制方面,鳖甲炮制方法多样,主要以醋制为主。在用药禁忌方面,鳖甲不能与矾石、理石配伍,孕妇禁用,脾虚胃弱、肝虚无热者慎用。该文的考证结果为鳖甲的正本清源及进一步资源开发利用提供了参考依据。

Trionycis Carapax is a commonly used Chinese medicine in clinical practice.Modern research on Trionycis Carapax mainly focuses on experimental research and clinical observation,which has been rarely reported in the literature.Based on the literature on medicinal herbs,medical books,prescriptions of all dynasties,this study carried out systematic textual research on the historical evolution and changes of the name,origin,producing areas,quality,efficacy,indications,processing methods,and contraindications of the Trionycis Carapax.As revealed by the textual analysis,the origin of Trionycis Carapax is Trionyx sinensis,and the carapace of T.steindachneri is not suitable for the preparation of Trionycis Carapax.The genuine producing areas of Trionycis Carapax include Yueyang,Jingzhou,southeast Anhui,and western Jiangsu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river.Regarding the quality,the number of ribs of Trionycis Carapax,such as seven ribs and nine ribs,is often used as the quality evaluation standard in ancient Chinese herbal books.However,through literature research and field inspections on the medicinal material markets,it is not advisable to take rib number as a quality evaluation criterion in modern times.With the change of the times,the efficacy and indications of Trionycis Carapax have gradually expanded on the basis of Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica(Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing),and later generations widely apply it in internal medicine,surgery,gynecology,pediatrics,etc.It should be noted that the treatment of labor heat and bone steaming by Trionycis Carapax is derived from Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica,not Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs(Yao Xing Lun)mentioned in ancient books such as Amplification on Materia Medica(Ben Cao Yan Yi).The processing methods of Trionycis Carapax are diverse,which are dominated by traditional vinegar processing.In terms of contraindications,Trionycis Carapax should not be compatible with bauxite and marble and is contraindicated in pregnant women.Those with spleen deficiency,weak stomach,and liver deficiency without heat should use it with caution.This study is expected to provide the basis for radical reform and further development and clinical utilization of Trionycis Carapax.