诗歌、政治与伦理——晚清群学思潮与早期鲁迅诗学观之关联探析

Poetry,Politics,and Ethics:The Relationship between the Thought of Qun in the Late Qing Dynasty and Lu Xun’s Poetics in His Early Career

鲁迅早年通过诗学方式回应了晚清群学思潮,他也在这一背景下表达了有关群己关系的新认识。一些改革者延续文以载道的诗教传统,强调文学内在的转移性情的功能及其对于构建群体的政治意义。相比之下,鲁迅虽同样注重情感的重要性,但他批判从外部政治视角规范诗歌的思路,为此,他重新解释了"诗言志"的传统,主张诗歌是人类生命意志的自由抒发。同时,鲁迅并不因为推崇个体主义而反对群体,他恰恰在卡莱尔的浪漫主义诗学原理的启发下,强调诗人和民众的情感共通,并由此诉诸群体的觉醒。从生命的感性本体出发,鲁迅致力于凸显文学的"不用之用",这种观点既解放了读者的主体能动性,又力图从根本上实现从自我到群体的变革。

In his early career,Lu Xun participated in the ideological trend of qun(group)in the late Qing dynasty through poetics,and expressed his new understanding of the relationship between groups and individuals within this background.Some reformers carried on the tradition of poetry education,emphasizing the inherent function of literature on transferring affection and its political significance on the construction of groups.Lu Xun also emphasized affection,but criticized the idea about regulating poetry from external political perspectives.For this reason,he reinterpreted the tradition of“poetry expresses ideal”and argued that poetry is the free expression of human will.At the same time,Lu Xun did not oppose groups despite his admiration for individualism.Inspired by the poetics of Thomas Carlyle,he emphasized the emotional connection between poets and the masses,and thus pursued the mass awakening.Starting from the perceptual noumenon of life,Lu Xun highlighted literature’s“use of the useless”,which not only liberated the subjective initiative of readers,but also attempted to fundamentally realize the reform from individuals to groups.