长孢藻的生理生态特征及监测研究进展

Research Progress of Ecophysiological Characteristics and Monitoring for Dolichospermum

长孢藻(Dolichospermum)是危害仅次于微囊藻的又一有害水华蓝藻。近年来,由于水体富营养化加剧和全球气候变暖,长孢藻呈现出明显的扩张趋势,广泛分布于温带和亚热带地区的水体中,因其能够产生鱼腥藻毒素、微囊藻毒素等多种藻毒素以及土臭素,严重威胁水环境安全和人类健康,已成为水体中急需控制的蓝藻种类。长孢藻可耐受较宽的温度、光强波动,喜低温、低盐,耐高温、弱碱,这些特性是其广泛分布在温带和亚热带的重要原因;长孢藻能吸收多种形态的氮源,以应对氮源的限制,在氮源不足的情况下,还可通过异形胞固氮而获得生存优势;长孢藻有快速吸收和储存无机磷盐的能力,以维持其在缺磷环境中正常的生长。而且,长孢藻产生的主要毒素鱼腥藻毒素是一种快速致死的神经毒素,不慎接触会导致人和动物迅速中毒死亡。鉴于长孢藻的危害性,文中从长孢藻的分布特点、生理生态特征、产毒和监测等研究前沿进行了综述,为有害长孢藻的预测预警、有效控制提供科学的依据。

Dolichospermum is another harmful cyanobacteria next to Microcystis.In recent years,due to the aggravation of water eutrophication and global warming,Dolichospermum has showed an obvious expanding trend,which is distributed widely in many water bodies of temperate and subtropics zones.It threatens seriously the safe of water environment and human health for its ability to produce anatoxin-a,microcystin etc and geosmin,and has become an urgent need to control the cyanobacteria species in water Dolichospermum can tolerate a wide range of temperature and light intensity fluctuations,prefer low temperature and low salt,endure high temperature and weak alkali,which are the important reasons for its widely distribution in temperate and subtropical zone.Dolichospermum can absorb various forms of nitrogen sources to cope with the limitation of nitrogen sources,and also obtain survival advantage by heterocyst nitrogen fixation in the case of insufficient nitrogen sources.Dolichospermum can absorb and store inorganic phosphorus quickly to maintain its normal growth in phosphorus deficient environment.Moreover,anatoxin-a,the main toxin produced by Dolichospermum,is a kind of neurotoxin that causes rapid death,and accidental contact will lead to rapid poisoning death of human and animals.In view of its harmfulness,this paper reviews distribution characteristics,ecophysiology characteristics,toxin production and monitoring,which will provide scientific basis for the prediction,early warning and effective control of the harmful Dolichospermum.