礼乐制度与西周军礼述论——以军事教育、职官系统和军礼礼仪为核心

Rites and Music System and Military Salute in the Western Zhou Dynasty:With Military Education,Official System and Military Etiquette as the Core

西周的军事教育、职官系统和军礼礼仪是西周礼乐制度的重要组成部分。西周时期的军事教育机构已经较为完善,既有中央设置的“辟雍”等,也有诸侯卿大夫设立的“庠序”等,就内容而言主要是与车战相适应的射御等技能的训练,亦有相关军事礼仪的教育。在军政合一的历史背景下,西周的军事职官系统虽然没有专业的将帅,但是已经有专职的军事官员,司掌一般军事事务,处理日常的军务行政。而最具特色的则是西周一整套的军礼礼仪,其与军事教育和职官系统相表里。整个军礼从战前祭告祖先、授斧钺开始,到观兵、致师等军事威慑,再到战争中一系列相关的礼仪要求,最后到战胜的振旅礼、献俘礼、饮至礼等,或战败以丧礼处之等具体礼仪细节。

The military education,official system and military etiquette of the Western Zhou Dynasty are important parts of the ritual and music system of the Western Zhou Dynasty.The military education system in the Western Zhou Dynasty has been relatively perfect,including“Biyong”which is set up by the central government and“Xiangxu”which is set up by princes and officials.In terms of the content,it is mainly about the training of shooting and other skills suitable for vehicle warfare,as well as the education of relevant military etiquette.Under the historical background of military and political integration,although there are no professional generals in the military system of the Western Zhou Dynasty,there are full-time military officials who take charge of general military affairs and handle daily military administration.The most distinctive is a complete set of military etiquette system in the Western Zhou Dynasty,which is different from military education and official system.The whole military ceremony starts from offering sacrifices to ancestors and giving axes and tomahawks before the war,to military deterrence such as watching soldiers and sending teachers,to a series of relevant etiquette requirements in the war,and finally to the beating ceremony,prisoner offering ceremony,drinking ceremony,etc.,or the specific etiquette details at the funeral of the defeat.