女性解放小说在俄国的黄金时代:白银时代文学的又一种景观

The Golden Age of Women’s Liberation Novels in Russia:Another Landscape of Liter-ature in the Silver Age

19-20世纪之交正值帝俄“1861年改革”进程累积四十至七十年之际。帝国国力达至顶峰,却突然解体,建立意识形态上面向草根、实质上维持甚至扩大帝俄版图并反西方的苏维埃政权。这种矛盾远不只是高速城市化难以负荷帝国包袱的政治变革产物,而是现代化在导致物质进步的同时,也改变了人们观念所致。观念变革包括性开放、女性自主意识增加等为帝国所不容的思潮。这种背离东正教传统的新潮流,成为期间文学热衷的话题,也使小说家更考虑大众关切,促成大批女性投身其中,使女性小说成为最流行的文学景观之一。倡导女性解放,既是布尔什维克革命的话语,又是苏俄彰显共产主义制度优越性的内涵之一。这就使白银时代关于女性解放之作的意义远超出畅销书范畴,成为推动后来苏俄女性事业发展的重要力量。

By the turn of the 19^(th)and 20^(th) centuries, the Tsarist Russian Empire’s “1861 reform” had gone on for 40-70 years and the Empire reached its peak. Soon, the Empire suddenly disintegrated and lost its power to the Soviet regime, which seemed to favor the grassroots in ideology, but in essence maintained or even expanded the territory of Russian Empire and opposed the West. This kind of contradiction was not just a result from the political changes because the high-speed urbanization could not bear the burden of the Empire, but rather because the modernization shifted people’s concepts while facilitating material progress. The changes of concepts included the ideas that the Empire could not tolerate, such as sexual liberation and women’s increasing awareness of self-independence. This new trend, which deviated from the Orthodox tradition, became a hot topic for literature during the period, prompted novelists to think more about the public concern, and encouraged a large number of women to take on literary writing, hence transforming women’s novel into one of the most popular literary genres at the time. Women’s liberation is not only part of the discourse of the Bolshevik revolution, but also one of the connotations that embodied the superiority of the Communist system in Soviet Russia. In this context, the significance of the works on women’s liberation in the Russian Silver Era went far beyond the scope of bestsellers and, later on, gave a great impetus to the development of women’s course in Soviet Russia.