知识生产的时空转变与科技成果评价范式转型

The Time and Space Transformation of Knowledge Production and the Paradigm Transformation of Evaluation Model of Scientific and Technological Achievements

作为一种制度安排,科技成果评价往往凝聚着对知识生产规律及其社会功能的理性认识和价值判断。随着科学及其所处环境的改变,在科学系统内部,知识生产方式出现重大变革,在时间维度上呈现出从学科知识生产主导转向社会知识生产主导的趋势,且在共时性上呈现多种知识生产模式并存的特征;在空间上则显示出从学术空间到社会空间的重大变化,知识的价值边界被极大拓展。知识生产在时空维度上转变形成的一系列外在推力要求改变当前科技成果评价范式:在价值取向上指向社会效益综合标准;在评价机制上趋向利益相关者卷入的立体评价;评价的重点指向创新—服务贡献度;在评价对象上,要求将以信息通信技术为载体的新科技成果表征形式纳入到评价中。

The evaluation of scientific and technological achievements has always been a difficult problem at home and abroad. As a kind of institutional arrangement, the evaluation of scientific and technological achievements often embodies the rational understanding and value judgment of the law of knowledge production and its social function. As the product of knowledge production, the evaluation of scientific and technological achievements must adhere to the law of knowledge production, and the transformation of the mode of knowledge production causes the transformation of the mode of evaluation of scientific and technological achievements. Ⅰn recent years, the related research focuses on the university discipline construction or “Double first-class” university construction under the knowledge production mode transformation. This paper analyzes the trend of the evaluation and transformation of scientific and technological achievements from the comprehensive perspective of the spatiotemporal transformation of knowledge production, the aim is to provide a new visual angle for how to stick to the correct direction of scientific and technological achievements evaluation and perfect the system of scientific and technological achievements evaluation.As science is advancing, there has been a significant change in the mode of production of knowledge within the scientific system. From the time dimension, the mode of knowledge production has experienced the transition from Mode Ⅰ, Mode Ⅱ to Mode Ⅲ. The transformation of knowledge production mode, on the one hand, shows the trend of changing from discipline knowledge production to social knowledge production. From the perspective of knowledge production results, compared with discipline knowledge oriented knowledge production-Mode Ⅰ and applied knowledge oriented knowledge production-Mode Ⅱ, Mode Ⅲ is more inclined to the orientation of social public interest. On the other hand, it shows the characteristics of coexistence of multiple knowledge production modes in synchrony, that is to say, there are not only knowledge production Mode Ⅰ, but also knowledge production Mode Ⅱ and Mode Ⅲ, as well as several modes fused together.This is because knowledge production Mode Ⅲ itself emphasizes the symbiosis of different types of knowledge and knowledge paradigms, and the formation and development of the new knowledge production mode only means that the new and more competitive knowledge production mode gradually occupies a dominant position, rather than the complete extinction of the old knowledge production mode. Ⅰn addition, the knowledge production modes of different knowledge production organizations may be different in the same period. Even under the same knowledge production mode, different knowledge production organizations may have different forms of manifestations.From the perspective of spatial dimension, crossing organizational boundaries is the main feature of the spatial evolution of knowledge production. Knowledge production derives from the traditional academic type to the social diffusion type, its essence is that knowledge production extends outward from the spatial boundary, that is, from relatively closed and continuously deepened discipline knowledge and autonomous culture to the economic knowledge, public welfare knowledge and responsibility culture guided by social practice problems in multi-dimensional situations. Specifically, the orientation of knowledge production has changed from closed state to open state, and the space of knowledge production has expanded from the field of disciplines to the public space, knowledge production has gone from a single goal of scientific knowledge growth to a multi-purpose of increasing knowledge stock and serving national and regional development.A series of external forces formed by the transformation of knowledge production in the space-time dimension have promoted the transformation of the evaluation paradigm of scientific and technological achievements. Ⅰn evaluation philosophy, it is shifted from psychology-behaviorism, society-constructivism to network-ecology;in value orientation, it is transformed from the academic standard based on advanced knowledge and the application standard based on economic performance to the comprehensive standard based on social benefit;and in terms of evaluation, it is changed from internal and inter-disciplinary to super-disciplinary;in the mechanism of evaluation, the peer review led by scholars is replaced by the multi-evaluation of cooperation within and outside the university to the three-dimensional evaluation involving the stakeholders, the focus of observation has been shifted from the goal-reaching scale and the customer satisfaction to the innovation-service contribution. Ⅰn terms of evaluation objects, it is required that new forms of representation of scientific and technological achievements appearing on the carrier of information and communication technology should be included in the evaluation.The innovation points of this paper lies in the analysis of the remarkable characteristics of the transformation of knowledge production mode from the perspective of time and space, and puts forward that with the transformation of knowledge production in time and space dimension, the evaluation of scientific and technological achievements has also moved from Paradigm 1 and 2 to Paradigm 3. This not only deepens the understanding of knowledge production theory, but also helps to guide the practice of scientific and technological achievement evaluation.