南方地区双季晚稻寒露风危害研究综述

Review on the Cold Dew Wind Damage of Double-cropping Late Rice in Southern Region

寒露风是双季晚稻抽穗扬花期间,因低温造成抽穗扬花受阻、空壳率增加的一种灾害性天气。为了解寒露风研究现状、继承和完善寒露风研究成果并加以突破提供借鉴和参考,本文通过对有关寒露风文献的分析和梳理,总结了寒露风研究的主要成果。大气环流异常是引发大范围寒露风的根本原因,地形、地貌、海拔等因素能引起小范围寒露风。寒露风对晚稻的危害主要在抽穗开花期,其次是孕穗期。寒露风指标研究大多基于田间试验、气象要素模拟试验、生产实践以及历史数据、文献的分析,应用比较广泛的指标是“寒露风等级”和“水稻冷害评估技术规范”。寒露风预报以天气学方法较为常见、数理统计法不可或缺、神经网络等新方法的运用是一种趋势。在南方双季稻区,寒露风主要出现在9月中下旬或以后,在全球气候变暖背景下,寒露风初日呈推迟趋势、天数呈减少趋势,但存在连续多年提前和天数增加的案例。单点(站)观测、3S技术是寒露风监测常用的技术。合理安排晚稻播种期、选择耐低温品种、以水调温等多技术并举,对防御寒露风有较好效果。本文还针对寒露风研究存在的指标因子不全面、指标标准不统一、预测预报和监测评估精度达不到精细化服务的需求等主要问题,展望了未来研究的主要方向:深化寒露风多因子致灾机理及多气象要素指标研究,构建指标体系;利用大数据、人工智能等新技术,强化农业气象智能化精准预报技术研究;加强气象观测、卫星遥感及作物模型等相融合的精密监测评估技术研究;重视气候变化背景下的寒露风新规律研究;开展与气候变化及农业科技进步相适应的防灾减灾技术研究。

Cold dew wind is a disastrous weather during the heading and flowering stage of double-cropping late rice,which is blocked by low temperature and increases the empty shell rate.In order to understand the current situation of cold dew wind research,inherit and improve the research results of cold dew wind,and provide reference for making breakthroughs,authors summarizes the main results of the cold dew wind research after analysis and combing of the cold dew wind literature.Abnormal atmospheric circulation is the basic reason of large-scale cold dew wind.Factors such as topography and altitude can cause small-scale cold dew wind.The damage of cold dew wind to late rice is mainly at the heading and flowering stage,followed by the booting stage.Most researches on cold dew wind indicators are based on field experiments,meteorological element simulation experiments,production practices,historical data,and literature analysis.The most widely used indicators are"cold dew wind grade"and"technical specifications for evaluation of rice cold damage".The method of weather science is a common method for forecasting cold dew wind.Mathematical statistics are indispensable in weather forecasting,and the application of new methods such as neural networks is a trend in weather forecasting.In the southern double-cropping rice area,the cold dew wind mainly occurs in mid-to-late September or after.Under the global warming,the first day of the cold dew wind tends to be delayed and the number of days decreases,but there are some cases where the first day advances and the number of days increases.Single point(station)observation and 3S technology are commonly used for cold dew wind monitoring.Reasonable arrangement of late rice sowing date,selection of low temperature resistant varieties and water temperature regulation are effective in preventing cold dew wind.In view of the main problems existing in the study of cold dew wind,such as incomplete index factors,inconsistent index standards,and unable to achieve the required accuracies of prediction,monitoring and evaluation,the main research directions in the future are prospected:Deepening the study of multifactor disaster mechanism and multi meteorological element index of cold dew wind,and constructing the index system;Make use of new technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence to strengthen the research on intelligent and accurate forecasting technology of agrometeorology;Strengthening the research on precision monitoring and evaluation technology integrating meteorological observation,satellite remote sensing and crop model;Paying attention to the research on the new law of cold dew wind under climate change;Carrying out research on disaster prevention and reduction technologies suitable for climate change and agricultural scientific and technological progress.