从灾异、骑战文化释杜甫“铁马汗常趋”

The Interpretation of Du Fu’s Verse“the Iron Horse Gallops Constantly With Sweat”According to the Culture of Calamity and Cavalry

杜甫“铁马汗常趋”一句的典源与释义尚存争议,大体上有使事与虚用两种理解。使事之论有三说,均不恰切。其中,“昭陵石马助战”说,古今学者多指其非,但还可围绕灾异文化及相关史料的适用性再予辨析;“井龙幻化铁马”说,可据灾异文化及灾祥转换问题予以探讨。如此,“铁马”一句应从虚用的角度理解,当指包括昭陵六骏在内的太宗麾下战马及骑兵的阴灵。杜甫以“铁马”歌咏太宗,与骑兵在唐初战争中的重要性,太宗对战马的热爱、对骑战的精擅、对武功的自矜,以及唐太庙歌对太宗武功的歌颂等因素有关。此外,“汗铸金之风马”一句与“铁马”的出处、指向均有不同,二者并无密切联系。

The interpretation of Du Fu’s verse“the iron horse gallops constantly with sweat”is a debatable issue.The related views can be divided into two categories,citing allusion and general term.The three views about citing allusion are not appropriate,especially the opinion that Du Fu’s poem is derived from such story that“the stone horses;in Zhao Mausoleum were in a sweat”or the story that“Loong in the well morphing into iron horse”.We can discuss it on the basis of Calamity culture and the applicability of relevant historical data.Conversely,this verse should be interpreted in a general term,the word“iron horse”ought to refer to the ghost of war-horse,which include the Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum,and cavalry served under Taizong.The reason that Du Fu eulogized Taizong using the word“iron horse”is related to the importance of cavalry in the founding war,the fondness of Taizong for war-horse,his proficiency in cavalry and pride in military accomplishments,as well as the ancestral temple song of praise to Taizong.Furthermore,this verse has nothing to do with the sentence“making the wind horse sweat which casted in gold”.