运动员的冷环境暴露:风险因素、症状和应对策略

Athletes’Exposure to Cold:Hazards,Symptoms and Coping Strategies

通过梳理不同项目运动员在冷环境暴露时的健康风险因素及症状,并提出应对措施,旨在为2022年北京冬奥会运动员的备战参赛策略提供科学证据。冬季和部分夏季项目的运动员经常暴露在冷环境中,产热减少,散热增加,体温调节功能受损,以及既往冷环境导致的病史会增加冷损伤的风险。冷暴露对冬季室外项目的运动员易造成冻伤,水温过低易造成公开水域游泳项目的运动员出现低体温症和心律不齐。通过经支气管镜肺活检、诱导痰和支气管肺泡灌洗等技术发现长期重复性呼吸增加吸入大量的冷、干空气进一步造成冬季耐力性项目运动员气道上皮的损伤、炎症和重构,产生运动性哮喘、气道高反应性,造成肺功能的下降。冬季室内项目运动员的呼吸功能则主要受空气质量下降的影响。冬季项目防止冻伤发生的最低气温和风寒温度分别为-15℃和-27℃,公开水域游泳项目防止低体温症的最低水温为16℃。降低冷环境中运动员健康风险最有效的方式是预防,赛事安排应加强对气候条件,特别是气温和风速的监测,并计算出风寒温度。针对运动性哮喘,最主要的治疗手段是早期的抗炎症和必要时在运动前吸入使用支气管扩张剂。

This research summarizes the health hazards and symptoms of athletes in different sports when they are exposed to cold and proposes corresponding coping strategies,with a view to providing scientific evidence for athletes’preparing for the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.Winter sports athletes and some summer sports athletes are often exposed to cold where decreased heat production,increased heat elimination,impaired thermoregulation,and medical history caused by previous cold exposure will increase the risk of cold injuries.Cold exposure can easily cause frostbite to athletes in outdoor winter sports,and low water temperature can easily cause hypothermia and arrhythmia in athletes in open water swimming.Through bronchoscopy lung biopsy,sputum induction and bronchoalveolar lavage,it is found that long-term repetitive breathing increases the inhalation of a large amount of cold and dry air,which further causes the injury,inflammation and remodeling of the airway epithelium of athletes in endurance winter sports,resulting in exercise-induced asthma,airway hyperresponsiveness and decline in lung function.The respiratory function of athletes in indoor winter sports is mainly affected by poor air quality.The minimum temperature and wind chill temperature for preventing frostbite in winter sports are -15℃ and -27℃,respectively,and the minimum water temperature for preventing hypothermia in open water swimming is 16℃.The most effective way to reduce the health hazards to athletes in cold environments is to take precaution.When arranging events,the weather conditions,especially temperature and wind speed should be monitored,and the wind chill values should be estimated.Optimal treatments for exercised-induced asthma should focus on early anti-inflammation,necessary inhaled bronchodilator before exercise.