阿富汗塔利班的意识形态转型

Ideological Transition of the Afghan Taliban

美国从阿富汗撤军后,塔利班再次上台执政,其激进意识形态能否转型将决定其是否能够获得国内政治合法性和国际承认。塔利班意识形态属阿富汗本土特色的传统伊斯兰主义,糅杂了迪奥班德学派、普什图乡村部落文化、瓦哈比主义和萨拉菲主义、政治伊斯兰等多种元素,具有多重属性,比如注重外在虔诚表象等宗教合法性,忽视政治合法性的前现代属性,以及普什图至上和教派主义等。出于抵抗和执政的需要,塔利班意识形态出现转型趋势,开始具有实用主义色彩,展现多元主义和教派包容倾向,弱化对虔诚表象的重视程度,并寻求融入国际体系,遵守国际规范。塔利班意识形态内核并未改变,仍在伊斯兰主义范畴内,这体现在其政教合一的政权性质和"毛拉治国"的执政理念等方面。塔利班意识形态转型的方向是现代伊斯兰主义,而后者的执政实践并不成功。面对严峻的国家治理挑战,塔利班作为宗教性武装组织,理念保守、人才缺乏制约其执政绩效。塔利班需以政治合法性为导向,延续意识形态转型进程,方能回应挑战。

After the United States’ military withdrawal from Afghanistan, the Taliban came to power again. The transformation of its radical ideology will be a determining factor for gaining domestic legitimacy and international recognition. The Taliban has multiple ideological features, such as emphasizing religious legitimacy,Pashtun supremacy and sectarianism. For the sake of resistance and governance, the Taliban ideology has transformed into political pragmatism, showing the tendency of pluralism and tolerance, and paying less attention to the outward piety. The Taliban has tried to integrate into the international system and abide by international norms. However, the ideological core of the Taliban has not changed, and it is still within the framework of Islamism. Taliban’s ideology will transform into modern Islamism, which is not a successful paradigm of governance.