是物物交换还是以货币为媒介的交换?——晚明以来张家口的市圈变迁及其交易形态考察

Is It Barter or Currency Exchange?--Study on the Changes of Zhangjiakou City Circle and Its Transaction Form Since the Late Ming Dynasty

目前,由于明代张家口相关历史文献严重缺失,一定程度上造成了历史轨迹的模糊,进而使得长期以来在学界有一个较为习惯的认识:常常把“物物交换”的交易形态和方式,有意或无意地套在张家口城市发展及其商贸活动上。通过对张家口市圈的诞生、发展与消失等问题进行实证,既能看到张家口历史转型的阶段性,也能实证地回答:山西商人在长达300多年的时间里专门从事蒙汉民族经济活动的进程中所表现出来的社会化交易形态−“物物交换”与“以货币为媒介的交换”两者之间所固有的本质性差异。

At present,due to the serious lack of relevant historical documents of Zhangjiakou in Ming Dynasty,the historical track is blurred to a certain extent.Therefore,for a long time,there has been a relatively customary understanding in the academic circle:the trading form and mode of“barter exchange”is often applied to the urban development and commercial activities of Zhangjiakou,intentionally or unintentionally.Through the empirical study on the birth,development and disappearance of Zhangjiakou city circle,this paper can not only see the stages of Zhangjiakou’s historical transformation,but also answer empirically:Shanxi merchants specialized in the economic activities of the Mongolian and Han nationalities for more than 300 years,which showed the socialized transaction pattern−the inherent essential difference between“barter exchange”and“exchange through the medium of money”.