西南地区农作物种植结构优化研究

Study on the Optimization of Crop Planting Structure in Southwest China

【目的】优化作物种植结构,推进农业供给侧结构性改革,加快转变农业发展方式,是当前农业和农村经济发展的重要任务。【方法】运用比较优势理论,构建比较优势模型,测算了西南地区主要农作物的规模优势指数、效率优势指数和综合优势指数,以期为区域种植结构调整提供借鉴。【结果】(1)2000—2017年西南地区玉米和油菜籽播种面积稳步上升,稻谷和甘蔗播种面积波动中有所下降。薯类、油菜籽、烟叶的播种面积虽不及稻谷、玉米,但产量分别占全国的44.73%、35.80%、56.73%。(2)2000年以来西南地区稻谷、薯类、油菜籽、甘蔗和烟叶具有稳定的比较优势,豆类生产的比较优势在波动中上升,玉米不具有比较优势。(3)西南地区不同作物比较优势存在空间差异,油菜籽、薯类、烟叶优势区分布较广,稻谷、玉米、甘蔗优势区数量较少。【结论】未来西南地区各政府应按照比较优势优化西南地区农作物空间布局,构建适应市场需求的品种结构,构建用地养地结合的耕作制度,提高优势农产品产量和质量。

[Objective]Optimizing crop planting structure,promoting agricultural supply-side structural reform,and accelerating the transformation of agricultural development pattern are important tasks in the current agricultural and rural economic development.[Method]Based on the Comparative Advantage Theory,this paper measured the scale advantage index,efficiency advantage index,and comprehensive advantage index of major crops in Southwest China by constructing a comparative advantage model.[Result](1)Between 2000 and 2017,the planting areas of corn and rapeseed increased steadily,while those of rice and sugarcane reduced along with fluctuations.Although the planting areas of potato,rapeseed and tobacco were lower than that of rice and corn,their yield accounted for 44.73%,35.80%,and 56.73%of the national production,respectively.(2)Since 2000,a stable comparative advantage has been found in the production of rice,potatoes,rapeseed,sugarcane,and tobacco,and the comparative advantage of beans increased along with fluctuations.However,there was no comparative advantage in the corn production.(3)Different crops had different regional comparative advantages in Southwest China.Specifically,the advantageous areas of rapeseed,potato and tobacco were widely distributed,while those of rice,corn and sugarcane were less.[Conclusion]In the future,the governments in Southwest China should optimize the crop-planting structure based on the comparative advantages,construct the varieties structure adapting to the market demand,create the tillage system combining land use and land conservation and improve the yield and quality of agricultural products.