明成弘时期(1465-1505)走私活动与沿海豪势及权贵——兼论15世纪下半叶东亚海洋贸易体系

Smuggling Activities and Coastal Powerful Families and Dignitaries during the Reign of Emperor Chenghua and Emperor Hongzhi(1465-1505)in the Ming Dynasty:Maritime Trade System of East Asia during the Second Half of the 15;Century

明初自实行"海禁"政策后,海上走私活动一直零星存在,但到成化、弘治时期(1465-1505)东南沿海的走私活动则开始活跃。与以前主要为沿海卫所军卒不同,这时期形成了由普通商民、海防军官、沿海豪势、册封使节、权贵人物等多种势力参预走私贸易的复杂局面。虽然明政府通过增补新的条例打击走私,普通商民的走私活动被有所扼制,但闽粤沿海豪势和权贵势力的走私活动却在抬头,并向规模化方向发展。与权贵利用出使占城机会前往满剌加贸易不同,闽粤走私商人则多与来广东朝贡的番商交易,由此形成内商走私贸易与外商朝贡贸易相互依存的局面。而成弘时期闽粤商民的走私贸易,也重塑了中国在东亚海洋贸易体系中的角色。

Since the implementation of the"sea ban"policy in the early Ming Dynasty,smuggling activities at sea had been sporadic.But during the reign of Emperor Chenghua and Emperor Hongzhi(1465-1505),smuggling activities in the southeast coast became active.Unlike the former smugglings which were mainly conducted by the soldiers of coastal guards,a complex situation of smuggling among ordinary businessmen,coastal defense officers,coastal powerful families,investiture envoys and dignitaries was formed in this period.Although the government of the Ming Dynasty tried to crack down on smuggling by adding new regulations and smuggling among ordinary businessmen were thus restrained,smuggling activities of the powerful families and dignitaries in the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong were on the rise and even became large-scale.Different from the dignitaries who took advantage of diplomatic missions to Champa as the opportunity to trade in Malacca,most of the smugglers in Fujian and Guangdong traded with foreign merchants who came to Guangdong to pay tribute,thus forming an interdependence between domestic smuggling trade and foreign tribute trade.The smuggling trade by Fujian and Guangdong merchants in this period also reshaped China’s role in the maritime trade system of East Asia.